技术资料

Immunostimulatory agents such as agonistic anti-CD137 and interleukin (IL)-2 generate effective anti-tumor immunity but also elicit serious toxicities,hampering their clinical application. Here we show that combination therapy with anti-CD137 and an IL-2-Fc fusion achieves significant initial anti-tumor activity,but also lethal immunotoxicity deriving from stimulation of circulating leukocytes. To overcome this toxicity,we demonstrate that anchoring IL-2 and anti-CD137 on the surface of liposomes allows these immune agonists to rapidly accumulate in tumors while lowering systemic exposure. In multiple tumor models,immunoliposome delivery achieves anti-tumor activity equivalent to free IL-2/anti-CD137 but with the complete absence of systemic toxicity. Immunoliposomes stimulated tumor infiltration by cytotoxic lymphocytes,cytokine production,and granzyme expression,demonstrating equivalent immunostimulatory effects to the free drugs in the local tumor microenvironment. Thus,surface-anchored particle delivery may provide a general approach to exploit the potent stimulatory activity of immune agonists without debilitating systemic toxicities. View Publication

Improving effector T-cell functions is highly desirable for preventive or therapeutic interventions of diverse diseases. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in the myeloid compartment constrains Th1-type immunity,dampening natural and induced antitumor immune responses. We have recently developed an in vivo small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery platform by conjugating a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with siRNA that efficiently targets myeloid and B cells. Here,we show that either CpG triggering combined with the genetic Stat3 ablation in myeloid/B cell compartments or administration of the CpG-Stat3siRNA drastically augments effector functions of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells. Specifically,we show that both approaches are capable of increasing dendritic cell and CD8(+) T-cell engagement in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Furthermore,both approaches can significantly activate the transferred CD8(+) T cells in vivo,upregulating effector molecules such as perforin,granzyme B,and IFN-γ. Intravital multiphoton microscopy reveals that Stat3 silencing combined with CpG triggering greatly increases killing activity and tumor infiltration of transferred T cells. These results suggest the use of CpG-Stat3siRNA,and possibly other Stat3 inhibitors,as a potent adjuvant to improve T-cell therapies. View Publication

Thymus-derived CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of self-tolerance. What critical factors and conditions are required for the extra-thymic development of Tregs remains an important question. In this study,we show that the anti-inflammatory extracellular matrix protein,thrombospondin-1,promoted the generation of human peripheral regulatory T cells through the ligation of one of its receptor,CD47. CD47 stimulation by mAb or a thrombospondin-1 peptide induced naive or memory CD4+ CD25- T cells to become suppressive. The latter expressed increased amounts of CTLA-4,OX40,GITR,and Foxp3 and inhibited autologous Th0,Th1,and Th2 cells. Their regulatory activity was contact dependent,TGF-beta independent,and partially circumvented by IL-2. This previously unknown mechanism to induce human peripheral Tregs in response to inflammation may participate to the limitation of collateral damage induced by exacerbated responses to self or foreign Ags and thus be relevant for therapeutic intervention in autoimmune diseases and transplantation. View Publication

Emerging evidence suggests an immunosuppressive role of altered tumor glycosylation due to downregulation of innate immune responses via immunoregulatory Siglecs. In contrast,human T cells,a major anticancer effector cell,only rarely express Siglecs. However,here,we report that the majority of intratumoral,but not peripheral blood,cytotoxic CD8+ T cells expressed Siglec-9 in melanoma. We identified Siglec-9+ CD8+ T cells as a subset of effector memory cells with high functional capacity and signatures of clonal expansion. This cytotoxic T-cell subset was functionally inhibited in the presence of Siglec-9 ligands or by Siglec-9 engagement by specific antibodies. TCR signaling pathways and key effector functions (cytotoxicity,cytokine production) of CD8+ T cells were suppressed by Siglec-9 engagement,which was associated with the phosphorylation of the inhibitory protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1,but not SHP-2. Expression of cognate Siglec-9 ligands was observed on the majority of tumor cells in primary and metastatic melanoma specimens. Targeting the tumor-restricted,glycosylation-dependent Siglec-9 axis may unleash this intratumoral T-cell subset,while confining T-cell activation to the tumor microenvironment. View Publication

The upper respiratory tract is continuously exposed to a vast array of potentially pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Influenza A virus (IAV) has particular synergism with the commensal bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae in this niche,and co-infection exacerbates pathogenicity and causes significant mortality. However,it is not known whether this synergism is associated with a direct interaction between the two pathogens. We have previously reported that co-administration of a whole-inactivated IAV vaccine (gamma-Flu) with a whole-inactivated pneumococcal vaccine (gamma-PN) enhances pneumococcal-specific responses. In this study,we show that mucosal co-administration of gamma-Flu and gamma-PN similarly augments IAV-specific immunity,particularly tissue-resident memory cell responses in the lung. In addition,our in vitro analysis revealed that S. pneumoniae directly interacts with both gamma-Flu and with live IAV,facilitating increased uptake by macrophages as well as increased infection of epithelial cells by IAV. These observations provide an additional explanation for the synergistic pathogenicity of IAV and S. pneumoniae,as well as heralding the prospect of exploiting the phenomenon to develop better vaccine strategies for both pathogens. View Publication

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes generalized CD8+ T cell impairment,not limited to HCV-specific CD8+ T-cells. Liver-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) contribute to the local micro-environment and can interact with and influence cells routinely trafficking through the liver,including CD8+ T-cells. MDMs can be polarized into M1 (classically activated) and M2a,M2b,and M2c (alternatively activated) phenotypes that perform pro- and anti-inflammatory functions,respectively. The impact of chronic HCV infection on MDM subset functions is not known. Our results show that M1 cells generated from chronic HCV patients acquire M2 characteristics,such as increased CD86 expression and IL-10 secretion,compared to uninfected controls. In contrast,M2 subsets from HCV-infected individuals acquired M1-like features by secreting more IL-12 and IFN-gamma. The severity of liver disease was also associated with altered macrophage subset differentiation. In co-cultures with autologous CD8+ T-cells from controls,M1 macrophages alone significantly increased CD8+ T cell IFN-gamma expression in a cytokine-independent and cell-contact-dependent manner. However,M1 macrophages from HCV-infected individuals significantly decreased IFN-gamma expression in CD8+ T-cells. Therefore,altered M1 macrophage differentiation in chronic HCV infection may contribute to observed CD8+ T-cell dysfunction. Understanding the immunological perturbations in chronic HCV infection will lead to the identification of therapeutic targets to restore immune function in HCV+ individuals,and aid in the mitigation of associated negative clinical outcomes. View Publication

The T-cell surface molecule TIGIT is an immune checkpoint molecule that inhibits T-cell responses,but its roles in cancer are little understood. In this study,we evaluated the role TIGIT checkpoint plays in the development and progression of gastric cancer. We show that the percentage of CD8 T cells that are TIGIT+ was increased in gastric cancer patients compared with healthy individuals. These cells showed functional exhaustion with impaired activation,proliferation,cytokine production,and metabolism,all of which were rescued by glucose. In addition,gastric cancer tissue and cell lines expressed CD155,which bound TIGIT receptors and inactivated CD8 T cells. In a T cell-gastric cancer cell coculture system,gastric cancer cells deprived CD8 T cells of glucose and impaired CD8 T-cell effector functions; these effects were neutralized by the additional glucose or by TIGIT blockade. In gastric cancer tumor cells,CD155 silencing increased T-cell metabolism and IFNγ production,whereas CD155 overexpression inhibited T-cell metabolism and IFNγ production; this inhibition was neutralized by TIGIT blockade. Targeting CD155/TIGIT enhanced CD8 T-cell reaction and improved survival in tumor-bearing mice. Combined targeting of TIGIT and PD-1 further enhanced CD8 T-cell activation and improved survival in tumor-bearing mice. Our results suggest that gastric cancer cells inhibit CD8 T-cell metabolism through CD155/TIGIT signaling,which inhibits CD8 T-cell effector functions,resulting in hyporesponsive antitumor immunity. These findings support the candidacy of CD155/TIGIT as a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6375-88. textcopyright2017 AACR. View Publication

MicroRNAs play an important role in T cell responses. However,how microRNAs regulate CD8 T cell memory remains poorly defined. Here,we found that miR-150 negatively regulates CD8 T cell memory in vivo. Genetic deletion of miR-150 disrupted the balance between memory precursor and terminal effector CD8 T cells following acute viral infection. Moreover,miR-150-deficient memory CD8 T cells were more protective upon rechallenge. A key circuit whereby miR-150 repressed memory CD8 T cell development through the transcription factor c-Myb was identified. Without miR-150,c-Myb was upregulated and anti-apoptotic targets of c-Myb,such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL,were also increased,suggesting a miR-150-c-Myb survival circuit during memory CD8 T cell development. Indeed,overexpression of non-repressible c-Myb rescued the memory CD8 T cell defects caused by overexpression of miR-150. Overall,these results identify a key role for miR-150 in memory CD8 T cells through a c-Myb-controlled enhanced survival circuit. View Publication

Events defining the progression to human type 1 diabetes (T1D) have remained elusive owing to the complex interaction between genetics,the immune system,and the environment. Type 1 interferons (T1-IFN) are known to be a constituent of the autoinflammatory milieu within the pancreas of patients with T1D. However,the capacity of IFNα/β to modulate human activated autoreactive CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) responses within the islets of patients with T1D has not been investigated. Here,we engineer human β-cell-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and demonstrate that T1-IFN augments cytotoxicity by inducing rapid phosphorylation of STAT4,resulting in direct binding at the granzyme B promoter within 2 h of exposure. The current findings provide novel insights concerning the regulation of effector function by T1-IFN in human antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells and provide a mechanism by which the presence of T1-IFN potentiates diabetogenicity within the autoimmune islet. View Publication

Although most novel tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are designed for delivery via the muscle or skin for enhanced protection in the lung,it has remained poorly understood whether systemic vaccine-induced memory T cells can readily home to the lung mucosa prior to and shortly after pathogen exposure. We have investigated this issue by using a model of parenteral TB immunization and intravascular immunostaining. We find that systemically induced memory T cells are restricted to the blood vessels in the lung,unable to populate either the lung parenchymal tissue or the airway under homeostatic conditions. We further find that after pulmonary TB infection,it still takes many days before such T cells can enter the lung parenchymal tissue and airway. We have identified the acquisition of CXCR3 expression by circulating T cells to be critical for their entry to these lung mucosal compartments. Our findings offer new insights into mucosal T cell biology and have important implications in vaccine strategies against pulmonary TB and other intracellular infections in the lung. View Publication

Type I IFNs are key mediators of immune defense against viruses and bacteria. Type I IFNs were also previously implicated in protection against fungal infection,but their roles in antifungal immunity have not been thoroughly investigated. A recent study demonstrated that bacterial and fungal β-glucans stimulate IFN-β production by dendritic cells (DCs) following detection by the Dectin-1 receptor,but the effects of β-glucan-induced type I IFNs have not been defined. We investigated whether type I IFNs regulate CD8 T cell activation by fungal β-glucan particle-stimulated DCs. We demonstrate that β-glucan-stimulated DCs induce CD8 T cell proliferation,activation marker (CD44 and CD69) expression,and production of IFN-γ,IL-2,and granzyme B. Moreover,we show that type I IFNs support robust CD8 T cell activation (proliferation and IFN-γ and granzyme B production) by β-glucan-stimulated DCs in vitro and in vivo due to autocrine effects on the DCs. Specifically,type I IFNs promote Ag presentation on MHC I molecules,CD86 and CD40 expression,and the production of IL-12 p70,IL-2,IL-6,and TNF-α by β-glucan-stimulated DCs. We also demonstrate a role for autocrine type I IFN signaling in bacterial LPS-induced DC maturation,although,in the context of LPS stimulation,this mechanism is not so critical for CD8 T cell activation (promotes IFN-γ production but not proliferation or granzyme B production). This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying CD8 T cell activation during infection,which may be useful in the rational design of vaccines directed against pathogens and tumors. View Publication

Increasing amounts of pathogen replication usually lead to a proportionate increase in size and effector differentiation of the CD8(+) T cell response,which is attributed to increased Ag and inflammation. Using a murine CMV that is highly sensitive to the antiviral drug famciclovir to modulate virus replication,we found that increased virus replication drove increased effector CD8(+) T cell differentiation,as expected. Paradoxically,however,increased virus replication dramatically decreased the size of the CD8(+) T cell response to two immunodominant epitopes. The decreased response was due to type I IFN-dependent depletion of conventional dendritic cells and could be reproduced by specific depletion of dendritic cells from day 2 postinfection or by sterile induction of type I IFN. Increased virus replication and type I IFN specifically inhibited the response to two immunodominant epitopes that are known to be dependent on Ag cross-presented by DCs,but they did not inhibit the response to inflationary" epitopes whose responses can be sustained by infected nonhematopoietic cells. Our results show that type I IFN can suppress CD8(+) T cell responses to cross-presented Ag by depleting cross-presenting conventional dendritic cells." View Publication