技术资料

The neural crest is a source to produce multipotent neural crest stem cells that have a potential to differentiate into diverse cell types. The transcription factor SOX10 is expressed through early neural crest progenitors and stem cells in vertebrates. Here we report the generation of SOX10-Nano-lantern (NL) reporter human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS) by using CRISPR/Cas9 systems,that are beneficial to investigate the generation and maintenance of neural crest progenitor cells. SOX10-NL positive cells are produced transiently from hiPS cells by treatment with TGFβ inhibitor SB431542 and GSK3 inhibitor CHIR99021. We found that all SOX10-NL-positive cells expressed an early neural crest marker NGFR,however SOX10-NL-positive cells purified from differentiated hiPS cells progressively attenuate their NL-expression under proliferation. We therefore attempted to maintain SOX10-NL-positive cells with additional signaling on the plane and sphere culture conditions. These SOX10-NL cells provide us to investigate mass culture with neural crest cells for stem cell research. View Publication

Despite advances in detection and therapy,castration-resistant prostate cancer continues to be a major clinical problem. The aberrant activity of stem cell pathways,and their regulation by the Androgen Receptor (AR),has the potential to provide insight into novel mechanisms and pathways to prevent and treat advanced,castrate-resistant prostate cancers. To this end,we investigated the role of the embryonic stem cell regulator Sox2 [SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2] in normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. In the normal prostate,Sox2 is expressed in a portion of basal epithelial cells. Prostate tumors were either Sox2-positive or Sox2-negative,with the percentage of Sox2-positive tumors increasing with Gleason Score and metastases. In the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line CWR-R1,endogenous expression of Sox2 was repressed by AR signaling,and AR chromatin-IP shows that AR binds the enhancer element within the Sox2 promoter. Likewise,in normal prostate epithelial cells and human embryonic stem cells,increased AR signaling also decreases Sox2 expression. Resistance to the anti-androgen MDV3100 results in a marked increase in Sox2 expression within three prostate cancer cell lines,and in the castration-sensitive LAPC-4 prostate cancer cell line ectopic expression of Sox2 was sufficient to promote castration-resistant tumor formation. Loss of Sox2 expression in the castration-resistant CWR-R1 prostate cancer cell line inhibited cell growth. Up-regulation of Sox2 was not associated with increased CD133 expression but was associated with increased FGF5 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 5) expression. These data propose a model of elevated Sox2 expression due to loss of AR-mediated repression during castration,and consequent castration-resistance via mechanisms not involving induction of canonical embryonic stem cell pathways. View Publication

Transcription factors NANOG,OCT4,and SOX2 regulate self-renewal and pluripotency in human embryonic stem (hES) cells; however,their expression profiles during early differentiation of hES cells are unclear. In this study,we used multiparameter flow cytometric assay to detect all three transcription factors (NANOG,OCT4,and SOX2) simultaneously at single cell level and monitored the changes in their expression during early differentiation towards endodermal lineage (induced by sodium butyrate). We observed at least four distinct populations of hES cells,characterized by specific expression patterns of NANOG,OCT4,and SOX2 and differentiation markers. Our results show that a single cell can express both differentiation and pluripotency markers at the same time,indicating a gradual mode of developmental transition in these cells. Notably,distinct regulation of SOX2 during early differentiation events was detected,highlighting the potential importance of this transcription factor for self-renewal of hES cells during differentiation. View Publication

3D suspension culture is generally considered a promising method to achieve efficient expansion and controlled differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). In this work,we focused on developing an integrated culture platform for expansion and neural commitment of hPSCs into neural precursors using 3D suspension conditions and chemically-defined culture media. We evaluated different inoculation methodologies for hPSC expansion as 3D aggregates and characterized the resulting cultures in terms of aggregate size distribution. It was demonstrated that upon single-cell inoculation,after four days of culture,3D aggregates were composed of homogenous populations of hPSC and were characterized by an average diameter of 139 ± 26 μm,which was determined to be the optimal size to initiate neural commitment. Temporal analysis revealed that upon neural specification it is possible to maximize the percentage of neural precursor cells expressing the neural markers Sox1 and Pax6 after nine days of culture. These results highlight our ability to define a robust method for production of hPSC-derived neural precursors that minimizes processing steps and that constitutes a promising alternative to the traditional planar adherent culture system due to a high potential for scaling-up. View Publication

The Mediator complex forms the bridge between transcriptional activators and the RNA polymerase II. Med1 (also known as PBP or TRAP220) is a key component of Mediator that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors and GATA transcription factors. Here,we show dynamic recruitment of GATA-1,TFIIB,Mediator,and RNA polymerase II to the β-globin locus in induced mouse erythroid leukemia cells and in an erythropoietin-inducible hematopoietic progenitor cell line. Using Med1 conditional knockout mice,we demonstrate a specific block in erythroid development but not in myeloid or lymphoid development,highlighted by the complete absence of β-globin gene expression. Thus,Mediator subunit Med1 plays a pivotal role in erythroid development and in β-globin gene activation. View Publication

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an inherited neuromuscular disease primarily characterized by degeneration of spinal motor neurons,and caused by reduced levels of the SMN protein. Previous studies to understand the proteomic consequences of reduced SMN have mostly utilized patient fibroblasts and animal models. We have derived human motor neurons from type I SMA and healthy controls by creating their induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Quantitative mass spectrometry of these cells revealed increased expression of 63 proteins in control motor neurons compared to respective fibroblasts,whereas 30 proteins were increased in SMA motor neurons vs. their fibroblasts. Notably,UBA1 was significantly decreased in SMA motor neurons,supporting evidence for ubiquitin pathway defects. Subcellular distribution of UBA1 was predominantly cytoplasmic in SMA motor neurons in contrast to nuclear in control motor neurons; suggestive of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Many of the proteins that were decreased in SMA motor neurons,including beta III-tubulin and UCHL1,were associated with neurodevelopment and differentiation. These neuron-specific consequences of SMN depletion were not evident in fibroblasts,highlighting the importance of iPSC technology. The proteomic profiles identified here provide a useful resource to explore the molecular consequences of reduced SMN in motor neurons,and for the identification of novel biomarker and therapeutic targets for SMA. View Publication

AIM: To determine whether transcriptional reprogramming is capable of reversing the developmental aging of normal human somatic cells to an embryonic state. MATERIALS & METHODS: An isogenic system was utilized to facilitate an accurate assessment of the reprogramming of telomere restriction fragment (TRF) length of aged differentiated cells to that of the human embryonic stem (hES) cell line from which they were originally derived. An hES-derived mortal clonal cell strain EN13 was reprogrammed by SOX2,OCT4 and KLF4. The six resulting induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines were surveyed for telomere length,telomerase activity and telomere-related gene expression. In addition,we measured all these parameters in widely-used hES and iPS cell lines and compared the results to those obtained in the six new isogenic iPS cell lines. RESULTS: We observed variable but relatively long TRF lengths in three widely studied hES cell lines (16.09-21.1 kb) but markedly shorter TRF lengths (6.4-12.6 kb) in five similarly widely studied iPS cell lines. Transcriptome analysis comparing these hES and iPS cell lines showed modest variation in a small subset of genes implicated in telomere length regulation. However,iPS cell lines consistently showed reduced levels of telomerase activity compared with hES cell lines. In order to verify these results in an isogenic background,we generated six iPS cell clones from the hES-derived cell line EN13. These iPS cell clones showed initial telomere lengths comparable to the parental EN13 cells,had telomerase activity,expressed embryonic stem cell markers and had a telomere-related transcriptome similar to hES cells. Subsequent culture of five out of six lines generally showed telomere shortening to lengths similar to that observed in the widely distributed iPS lines. However,the clone EH3,with relatively high levels of telomerase activity,progressively increased TRF length over 60 days of serial culture back to that of the parental hES cell line. CONCLUSION: Prematurely aged (shortened) telomeres appears to be a common feature of iPS cells created by current pluripotency protocols. However,the spontaneous appearance of lines that express sufficient telomerase activity to extend telomere length may allow the reversal of developmental aging in human cells for use in regenerative medicine. View Publication

Sprouty (Spry) genes encode negative regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling,which plays important roles in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). SPRY2 and SPRY4 are the two most highly expressed Sprouty family members in hESCs,suggesting that they may influence self-renewal. To test this hypothesis,we performed siRNA-mediated knock down (KD) studies. SPRY2 KD resulted in increased cell death and decreased proliferation,whereas SPRY4 KD enhanced survival. In both cases,after KD the cells were able to differentiate into cells of the three germ layers,although after SPRY2 KD there was a tendency toward increased ectodermal differentiation. SPRY2 KD cells displayed impaired mitochondrial fusion and cell membrane damage,explaining in part the increased cell death. These data indicate that Sprouty genes regulate pathways involved in proliferation and cell death in hESCs. View Publication

The subunit genes encoding human chorionic gonadotropin,CGA,and CGB,are up-regulated in human trophoblast. However,they are effectively silenced in choriocarcinoma cells by ectopically expressed POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1 (POU5F1). Here we show that POU5F1 represses activity of the CGA promoter through its interactions with ETS2,a transcription factor required for both placental development and human chorionic gonadotropin subunit gene expression,by forming a complex that precludes ETS2 from interacting with the CGA promoter. Mutation of a POU5F1 binding site proximal to the ETS2 binding site does not alter the ability of POU5F1 to act as a repressor but causes a drop in basal promoter activity due to overlap with the binding site for DLX3. DLX3 has only a modest ability to raise basal CGA promoter activity,but its coexpression with ETS2 can up-regulate it 100-fold or more. The two factors form a complex,and both must bind to the promoter for the combination to be transcriptionally effective,a synergy compromised by POU5F1. Similarly,in human embryonic stem cells,which express ETS2 but not CGA,ETS2 does not occupy its binding site on the CGA promoter but is found instead as a soluble complex with POU5F1. When human embryonic stem cells differentiate in response to bone morphogenetic protein-4 and concentrations of POU5F1 fall and hCG and DLX3 rise,ETS2 then occupies its binding site on the CGA promoter. Hence,a squelching mechanism underpins the transcriptional silencing of CGA by POU5F1 and could have general relevance to how pluripotency is maintained and how the trophoblast lineage emerges from pluripotent precursor cells. View Publication

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are characterized by pluripotency,defined as the developmental potential to generate cell lineages derived from all three primary germ layers. In the past decade,great progress has been made on the cell culture conditions,transcription factor programs and intracellular signaling pathways that control both murine and human ES cell fates. ES cells of mouse vs. human origin have distinct culture conditions,responding to some tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in opposite ways. Previous work has implicated the Src family of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases in mouse ES cell self-renewal and differentiation. Seven members of the Src kinase family are expressed in mouse ES cells,and individual family members appear to play distinct roles in regulating their developmental fate. Both Hck and c-Yes are important in self-renewal,while c-Src activity alone is sufficient to induce differentiation. While these findings implicate Src-family kinase signaling in mouse ES cell renewal and differentiation,the role of this kinase family in human ES cells is largely unknown. Here,we explored Src-family kinase expression patterns and signaling in human ES cells during self-renewal and differentiation. Of the eleven Src-related kinases in the human genome,Fyn,c-Yes,c-Src,Lyn,Lck and Hck were expressed in H1,H7 and H9 hES cells,while Fgr,Blk,Srm,Brk,and Frk transcripts were not detected. Of these,c-Yes,Lyn,and Hck transcript levels remained constant in self-renewing human ES cells vs. differentiated EBs,while c-Src and Fyn showed a modest increase in expression as a function of differentiation. In contrast,Lck expression levels dropped dramatically as a function of EB differentiation. To assess the role of overall Src-family kinase activity in human ES cell differentiation,cultures were treated with inhibitors specific for the Src kinase family. Remarkably,human ES cells maintained in the presence of the potent Src-family kinase inhibitor A-419259 retained the morphology of domed,pluripotent colonies and continued to express the self-renewal marker TRA-1-60 despite culture under differentiation conditions. Taken together,these observations support a role for Src-family kinase signaling in the regulation of human ES cell fate,and suggest that the activities of individual Src-family members are required for the initiation of the differentiation program. View Publication

The prevalence and specificity of unique fusion oncogenes are high in a number of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). The close relationship between fusion genes and clinicopathological features suggests that a correlation may exist between the function of fusion proteins and cellular context of the cell-of-origin of each tumor. However,most STSs are origin-unknown tumors and this issue has not yet been investigated in detail. In the present study,we examined the effects of the cellular context on the function of the synovial sarcoma (SS)-specific fusion protein,SS18-SSX,using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) containing the drug-inducible SS18-SSX gene. We selected the neural crest cell (NCC) lineage for the first trial of this system,induced SS18-SSX at various differentiation stages from PSCs to NCC-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs),and compared its biological effects on each cell type. We found that the expression of FZD10,identified as an SS-specific gene,was induced by SS18-SSX at the PSC and NCC stages,but not at the MSC stage. This stage-specific induction of FZD10 correlated with stage-specific changes in histone marks associated with the FZD10 locus and also with the loss of the BAF47 protein,a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Furthermore,the global gene expression profile of hPSC-derived NCCs was the closest to that of SS cell lines after the induction of SS18-SSX. These results clearly demonstrated that the cellular context is an important factor in the function of SS18-SSX as an epigenetic modifier. View Publication

Findings from studies on stem cells have been applied to cancer stem cell (CSC) research,but little is known about the relationship between ES cell-related cell surface markers and CSCs. In this study,we focused on stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA-3),a marker of mesenchymal stem cells and Muse cells in colorectal cancer (CRC). Expression of SSEA-3 in human CRC cell lines and clinical specimens,specifically the relationship of SSEA-3 expression and the representative CSC markers (CD44,CD166,ALDH,CD24 and CD26) as well as with mesenchymal stem cell/Muse cell marker (CD105) were assessed. To characterize SSEA-3-expressing cells,tumorigenicity,sphere formation ability,expression of iPS genes (Oct4,NANOG,SOX2 and c-Myc),cell proliferation and cell cycle status were assessed. SSEA-3 expression was identified in Caco-2,DLD-1,HT-29,SW480 and HCT116,but not in CaR-1 cells. No significant relationship between SSEA-3 and other stem cell markers was detected. SSEA-3+ cells showed increased tumorigenicity in vivo,but lower sphere formation ability in vitro than SSEA-3-. iPS gene expression was not correlated with SSEA-3 expression status. SSEA-3+ cells showed higher proliferative ability than SSEA-3- through enhanced cell cycles by decreased expression of p21Cip1/Waf1 and p27Kip1. Immunofluorescence analysis in clinical specimens indicated that expression of SSEA-3 is limited to stromal cells in normal mucosa but broad in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. These observations indicated that SSEA-3+ cells in CRC have immature phenotype but decreased self-renewal ability and may function as tumor transient amplifying cells or delayed contributing tumor-initiating cells. View Publication