技术资料

CONTEXT: The osteoanabolic properties of PTH may be due to increases in the number and maturity of circulating osteogenic cells. Hypoparathyroidism is a useful clinical model because this hypothesis can be tested by administering PTH. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to characterize circulating osteogenic cells in hypoparathyroid subjects during 12 months of PTH (1-84) administration. DESIGN: Osteogenic cells were characterized using flow cytometry and antibodies against osteocalcin,an osteoblast-specific protein product,and stem cell markers CD34 and CD146. Changes in bone formation from biochemical markers and quadruple-labeled transiliac crest bone biopsies (0 and 3 month time points) were correlated with measurements of circulating osteogenic cells. SETTING: The study was conducted at a clinical research center. PATIENTS: Nineteen control and 19 hypoparathyroid patients were included in the study. INTERVENTION: Intervention included the administration of PTH (1-84). RESULTS: Osteocalcin-positive cells were lower in hypoparathyroid subjects than controls (0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 2.0 ± 0.1%; P textless 0.0001),with greater coexpression of the early cell markers CD34 and CD146 among the osteocalcin-positive cells in the hypoparathyroid subjects (11.0 ± 1.0 vs. 5.6 ± 0.7%; P textless 0.001). With PTH (1-84) administration,the number of osteogenic cells increased 3-fold (P textless 0.0001),whereas the coexpression of the early cell markers CD34 and CD146 decreased. Increases in osteogenic cells correlated with circulating and histomorphometric indices of osteoblast function: N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (R(2) = 0.4,P ≤ 0.001),bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (R(2) = 0.3,P textless 0.001),osteocalcin (R(2) = 0.4,P textless 0.001),mineralized perimeter (R(2) = 0.5,P textless 0.001),mineral apposition rate (R(2) = 0.4,P = 0.003),and bone formation rate (R(2) = 0.5,P textless 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that PTH stimulates bone formation by stimulating osteoblast development and maturation. Correlations between circulating osteogenic cells and histomorphometric indices of bone formation establish that osteoblast activity is being identified by this methodology. View Publication

The active vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) imprints gut-homing specificity on lymphocytes upon activation by inducing the expression of α4β7 integrin and CCR9. RA receptor (RAR) activation is essential for their expression,whereas retinoid X receptor (RXR) activation is not essential for α4β7 expression. However,it remains unclear whether RXR activation affects the RA-dependent CCR9 expression on T cells and their gut homing. The major physiological RA,all-trans-RA,binds to RAR but not to RXR at physiological concentrations. Cell-surface CCR9 expression was often induced on a limited population of murine naive CD4(+) T cells by all-trans-RA or the RAR agonist Am80 alone upon CD3/CD28-mediated activation in vitro,but it was markedly enhanced by adding the RXR agonist PA024 or the RXR-binding environmental chemicals tributyltin and triphenyltin. Accordingly,CD4(+) T cells treated with the combination of all-trans-RA and tributyltin migrated into the small intestine upon adoptive transfer much more efficiently than did those treated with all-trans-RA alone. Furthermore,naive TCR transgenic CD4(+) T cells transferred into wild-type recipients migrated into the small intestinal lamina propria following i.p. injection of Ag,and the migration was enhanced by i.p. injection of PA024. We also show that PA024 markedly enhanced the all-trans-RA-induced CCR9 expression on naturally occurring naive-like regulatory T cells upon activation,resulting in the expression of high levels of α4β7,CCR9,and Foxp3. These results suggest that RXR activation enhances the RAR-dependent expression of CCR9 on T cells and their homing capacity to the small intestine. View Publication

Improving effector T-cell functions is highly desirable for preventive or therapeutic interventions of diverse diseases. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) in the myeloid compartment constrains Th1-type immunity,dampening natural and induced antitumor immune responses. We have recently developed an in vivo small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery platform by conjugating a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with siRNA that efficiently targets myeloid and B cells. Here,we show that either CpG triggering combined with the genetic Stat3 ablation in myeloid/B cell compartments or administration of the CpG-Stat3siRNA drastically augments effector functions of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells. Specifically,we show that both approaches are capable of increasing dendritic cell and CD8(+) T-cell engagement in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Furthermore,both approaches can significantly activate the transferred CD8(+) T cells in vivo,upregulating effector molecules such as perforin,granzyme B,and IFN-γ. Intravital multiphoton microscopy reveals that Stat3 silencing combined with CpG triggering greatly increases killing activity and tumor infiltration of transferred T cells. These results suggest the use of CpG-Stat3siRNA,and possibly other Stat3 inhibitors,as a potent adjuvant to improve T-cell therapies. View Publication

Progressive bone marrow failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human Fanconi Anemia patients. In an effort to develop a Fanconi Anemia murine model to study bone marrow failure,we found that Fancd2(-/-) mice have readily measurable hematopoietic defects. Fancd2 deficiency was associated with a significant decline in the size of the c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+)Lineage(-) (KSL) pool and reduced stem cell repopulation and spleen colony-forming capacity. Fancd2(-/-) KSL cells showed an abnormal cell cycle status and loss of quiescence. In addition,the supportive function of the marrow microenvironment was compromised in Fancd2(-/-) mice. Treatment with Sirt1-mimetic and the antioxidant drug,resveratrol,maintained Fancd2(-/-) KSL cells in quiescence,improved the marrow microenvironment,partially corrected the abnormal cell cycle status,and significantly improved the spleen colony-forming capacity of Fancd2(-/-) bone marrow cells. We conclude that Fancd2(-/-) mice have readily quantifiable hematopoietic defects,and that this model is well suited for pharmacologic screening studies. View Publication

Removal of sialic acid from glycoconjugates on the surface of monocytes enhances their response to bacterial LPS. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous sialidase activity creates a permissive state for LPS-induced cytokine production in human monocyte-derived DCs. Of the four genetically distinct sialidases (Neu1-4),Neu1,Neu3,and Neu4 are expressed in human monocytes,but only Neu1 and Neu3 are up-regulated as cells differentiate into DCs. Neu1 and Neu3 are present on the surface of monocytes and DCs and are also present intracellularly. DCs contain a greater amount of sialic acid than monocytes,but the amount of sialic acid/mg total protein declines during differentiation to DCs. This relative hyposialylation of cells does not occur in mature DCs grown in the presence of zanamivir,a pharmacologic inhibitor of Neu3 but not Neu1,or DANA,an inhibitor of Neu1 and Neu3. Inhibition of sialidase activity during differentiation to DCs causes no detectable change in cell viability or expression of DC surface markers. Differentiation of monocytes into DCs in the presence of zanamivir results in reduced LPS- induced expression of IL-6,IL-12p40,and TNF-α by mature DCs,demonstrating a role for Neu3 in cytokine production. A role for Neu3 is supported by inhibition of cytokine production by DANA in DCs from Neu1�?�/�?� and WT mice. We conclude that sialidase-mediated change in sialic acid content of specific cell surface glycoconjugates in DCs regulates LPS-induced cytokine production,thereby contributing to development of adaptive immune responses. View Publication

The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src is frequently over-expressed or hyperactivated in various human cancers and contributes to cancer progression in cooperation with up-regulated growth factor receptors. However,Src-selective anticancer drugs are still in clinical trials. To identify more effective inhibitors of c-Src-mediated cancer progression,we developed a new screening platform using Csk-deficient cells that can be transformed by c-Src. We found that purvalanol A,developed as a CDK inhibitor,potently suppressed the anchorage-independent growth of c-Src-transformed cells,indicating that the activation of CDKs contributes to the c-Src transformation. We also found that purvalanol A suppressed the c-Src activity as effectively as the Src-selective inhibitor PP2,and that it reverted the transformed morphology to a nearly normal shape with less cytotoxicity than PP2. Purvalanol A induced a strong G2-M arrest,whereas PP2 weakly acted on the G1-S transition. Furthermore,when compared with PP2,purvalanol A more effectively suppressed the growth of human colon cancer HT29 and SW480 cells,in which Src family kinases and CDKs are activated. These findings demonstrate that the coordinated inhibition of cell cycle progression and tyrosine kinase signaling by the multi-selective purvalanol A is effective in suppressing cancer progression associated with c-Src up-regulation. View Publication

TOX is a DNA-binding factor required for development of CD4(+) T cells,natural killer T cells and regulatory T cells. Here we document that both natural killer (NK) cell development and lymphoid tissue organogenesis were also inhibited in the absence of TOX. We found that the development of lymphoid tissue-inducer cells,a rare subset of specialized cells that has an integral role in lymphoid tissue organogenesis,required TOX. Tox was upregulated considerably in immature NK cells in the bone marrow,consistent with the loss of mature NK cells in the absence of this nuclear protein. Thus,many cell lineages of the immune system share a TOX-dependent step for development. View Publication

NK cells are the dominant population of immune cells in the endometrium in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and in the decidua in early pregnancy. The possibility that this is a site of NK cell development is of particular interest because of the cyclical death and regeneration of the NK population during the menstrual cycle. To investigate this,we searched for NK developmental stages 1-4,based on expression of CD34,CD117,and CD94. In this study,we report that a heterogeneous population of stage 3 NK precursor (CD34(-)CD117(+)CD94(-)) and mature stage 4 NK (CD34(-)CD117(-/+)CD94(+)) cells,but not multipotent stages 1 and 2 (CD34(+)),are present in the uterine mucosa. Cells within the uterine stage 3 population are able to give rise to mature stage 4-like cells in vitro but also produce IL-22 and express RORC and LTA. We also found stage 3 cells with NK progenitor potential in peripheral blood. We propose that stage 3 cells are recruited from the blood to the uterus and mature in the uterine microenvironment to become distinctive uterine NK cells. IL-22 producers in this population might have a physiological role in this specialist mucosa dedicated to reproduction. View Publication

This study aimed to determine the mechanisms responsible for long-term tissue damage following radiation injury. We irradiated p21-knockout (p21(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice and determined the long-term deleterious effects of this intervention on mesenchyme-derived tissues. In addition,we explored the mechanisms of radiation-induced mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) dysfunction in isolated bone marrow-derived cells. p21 expression was chronically elevated textgreater200-fold in irradiated tissues. Loss of p21 function resulted in a textgreater4-fold increase in the number of skin MSCs remaining after radiation. p21(-/-) mice had significantly less radiation damage,including 6-fold less scarring,40% increased growth potential,and 4-fold more hypertrophic chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate (Ptextless0.01). Irradiated p21(-/-) MSCs had 4-fold increased potential for bone or fat differentiation,4-fold greater proliferation rate,and nearly 7-fold lower senescence as compared to WT MSCs (Ptextless0.01). Ectopic expression of p21 in knockout cells decreased proliferation and differentiation potential and recapitulated the WT phenotype. Loss of p21 function markedly decreases the deleterious effects of radiation injury in mesenchyme-derived tissues and preserves tissue-derived MSCs. In addition,p21 is a critical regulator of MSC proliferation,differentiation,and senescence both at baseline and in response to radiation. View Publication

Inhibition of antigen-dependent B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is considered a promising therapeutic approach in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),but experimental in vivo evidence to support this view is still lacking. We have now investigated whether inhibition of BCR signaling with the selective Syk inhibitor fostamatinib disodium (R788) will affect the growth of the leukemias that develop in the Eμ-TCL1 transgenic mouse model of CLL. Similarly to human CLL,these leukemias express stereotyped BCRs that react with autoantigens exposed on the surface of senescent or apoptotic cells,suggesting that they are antigen driven. We show that R788 effectively inhibits BCR signaling in vivo,resulting in reduced proliferation and survival of the malignant B cells and significantly prolonged survival of the treated animals. The growth-inhibitory effect of R788 occurs despite the relatively modest cytotoxic effect in vitro and is independent of basal Syk activity,suggesting that R788 functions primarily by inhibiting antigen-dependent BCR signals. Importantly,the effect of R788 was found to be selective for the malignant clones,as no disturbance in the production of normal B lymphocytes was observed. Collectively,these data provide further rationale for clinical trials with R788 in CLL and establish the BCR-signaling pathway as an important therapeutic target in this disease. View Publication

Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are pluripotent cells derived from post-implantation late epiblasts in vitro. EpiSCs are incapable of contributing to chimerism,indicating that EpiSCs are less pluripotent and represent a later developmental pluripotency state compared with inner cell mass stage murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using a chemical approach,we found that blockage of the TGFβ pathway or inhibition of histone demethylase LSD1 with small molecule inhibitors induced dramatic morphological changes in EpiSCs toward mESC phenotypes with simultaneous activation of inner cell mass-specific gene expression. However,full conversion of EpiSCs to the mESC-like state with chimerism competence could be readily generated only with the combination of LSD1,ALK5,MEK,FGFR,and GSK3 inhibitors. Our results demonstrate that appropriate synergy of epigenetic and signaling modulations could convert cells at the later developmental pluripotency state to the earlier mESC-like pluripotency state,providing new insights into pluripotency regulation. View Publication

The c-myb transcription factor is highly expressed in immature hematopoietic cells and down-regulated during differentiation. To define its role during the hematopoietic lineage commitment,we silenced c-myb in human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Noteworthy,c-myb silencing increased the commitment capacity toward the macrophage and megakaryocyte lineages,whereas erythroid differentiation was impaired,as demonstrated by clonogenic assay,morphologic and immunophenotypic data. Gene expression profiling and computational analysis of promoter regions of genes modulated in c-myb-silenced CD34(+) cells identified the transcription factors Kruppel-Like Factor 1 (KLF1) and LIM Domain Only 2 (LMO2) as putative targets,which can account for c-myb knockdown effects. Indeed,chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that c-myb binds to KLF1 and LMO2 promoters and transactivates their expression. Consistently,the retroviral vector-mediated overexpression of either KLF1 or LMO2 partially rescued the defect in erythropoiesis caused by c-myb silencing,whereas only KLF1 was also able to repress the megakaryocyte differentiation enhanced in Myb-silenced CD34(+) cells. Our data collectively demonstrate that c-myb plays a pivotal role in human primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells lineage commitment,by enhancing erythropoiesis at the expense of megakaryocyte diffentiation. Indeed,we identified KLF1 and LMO2 transactivation as the molecular mechanism underlying Myb-driven erythroid versus megakaryocyte cell fate decision. View Publication