技术资料

Dynamic regulation of gene expression is fundamental for cellular adaptation to exogenous stressors. P-TEFb-mediated pause-release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a conserved regulatory mechanism for synchronous transcriptional induction in response to heat shock,but this pro-survival role has not been examined in the applied context of cancer therapy. Using model systems of pediatric high-grade glioma,we show that rapid genome-wide reorganization of active chromatin facilitates P-TEFb-mediated nascent transcriptional induction within hours of exposure to therapeutic ionizing radiation. Concurrent inhibition of P-TEFb disrupts this chromatin reorganization and blunts transcriptional induction,abrogating key adaptive programs such as DNA damage repair and cell cycle regulation. This combination demonstrates a potent,synergistic therapeutic potential agnostic of glioma subtype,leading to a marked induction of tumor cell apoptosis and prolongation of xenograft survival. These studies reveal a central role for P-TEFb underpinning the early adaptive response to radiotherapy,opening avenues for combinatorial treatment in these lethal malignancies. Subject terms: CNS cancer,Paediatric cancer,Radiotherapy View Publication

Malaria parasite invasion to host erythrocytes is mediated by multiple interactions between merozoite ligands and erythrocyte receptors that contribute toward the development of disease pathology. Here,we report a novel antigen Plasmodium prohibitin “ Pf PHB2” and identify its cognate partner “Hsp70A1A” in host erythrocyte that plays a crucial role in mediating host-parasite interaction during merozoite invasion. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA)- and glucosamine-6-phosphate riboswitch (glmS) ribozyme-mediated approach,we show that loss of Hsp70A1A in red blood cells (RBCs) or Pf PHB2 in infected red blood cells (iRBCs),respectively,inhibit Pf PHB2-Hsp70A1A interaction leading to invasion inhibition. Antibodies targeting Pf PHB2 and monoclonal antibody therapeutics against Hsp70A1A efficiently block parasite invasion. Recombinant Pf PHB2 binds to RBCs which is inhibited by anti- Pf PHB2 antibody and monoclonal antibody against Hsp70A1A. The validation of Pf PHB2 to serve as antigen is further supported by detection of anti- Pf PHB2 antibody in patient sera. Overall,this study proposes Pf PHB2 as vaccine candidate and highlights the use of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for future malaria treatment. Subject areas: biochemistry,molecular biology,immunology View Publication

Cohesin plays a crucial role in the organization of topologically-associated domains (TADs),which influence gene expression and DNA replication timing. Whether epigenetic regulators may affect TADs via cohesin to mediate DNA replication remains elusive. Here,we discover that the histone demethylase PHF2 associates with RAD21,a core subunit of cohesin,to regulate DNA replication in mouse neural stem cells (NSC). PHF2 loss impairs DNA replication due to the activation of dormant replication origins in NSC. Notably,the PHF2/RAD21 co-bound genomic regions are characterized by CTCF enrichment and epigenomic features that resemble efficient,active replication origins,and can act as boundaries to separate adjacent domains. Accordingly,PHF2 loss weakens TADs and chromatin loops at the co-bound loci due to reduced RAD21 occupancy. The observed topological and DNA replication defects in PHF2 KO NSC support a cohesin-dependent mechanism. Furthermore,we demonstrate that the PHF2/RAD21 complex exerts little effect on gene regulation,and that PHF2’s histone-demethylase activity is dispensable for normal DNA replication and proliferation of NSC. We propose that PHF2 may serve as a topological accessory to cohesin for cohesin localization to TADs and chromatin loops,where cohesin represses dormant replication origins directly or indirectly,to sustain DNA replication in NSC. View Publication

Inflammatory pain results from the heightened sensitivity and reduced threshold of nociceptor sensory neurons due to exposure to inflammatory mediators. However,the cellular and transcriptional diversity of immune cell and sensory neuron types makes it challenging to decipher the immune mechanisms underlying pain. Here we used single-cell transcriptomics to determine the immune gene signatures associated with pain development in three skin inflammatory pain models in mice: zymosan injection,skin incision and ultraviolet burn. We found that macrophage and neutrophil recruitment closely mirrored the kinetics of pain development and identified cell-type-specific transcriptional programs associated with pain and its resolution. Using a comprehensive list of potential interactions mediated by receptors,ligands,ion channels and metabolites to generate injury-specific neuroimmune interactomes,we also uncovered that thrombospondin-1 upregulated by immune cells upon injury inhibited nociceptor sensitization. This study lays the groundwork for identifying the neuroimmune axes that modulate pain in diverse disease contexts. Subject terms: Neuroimmunology,Inflammation View Publication

Interference with microtubule dynamics in mitosis activates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to prevent chromosome segregation errors. The SAC induces mitotic arrest by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) via the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). The MCC component MAD2 neutralizes the critical APC cofactor,CDC20,preventing exit from mitosis. Extended mitotic arrest can promote mitochondrial apoptosis and caspase activation. However,the impact of mitotic cell death on tissue homeostasis in vivo is ill-defined. By conditional MAD2 overexpression,we observe that chronic SAC activation triggers bone marrow aplasia and intestinal atrophy in mice. While myelosuppression can be compensated for,gastrointestinal atrophy is detrimental. Remarkably,deletion of pro-apoptotic Bim/Bcl2l11 prevents gastrointestinal syndrome,while neither loss of Noxa/Pmaip or co-deletion of Bid and Puma/Bbc3 has such a protective effect,identifying BIM as rate-limiting apoptosis effector in mitotic cell death of the gastrointestinal epithelium. In contrast,only overexpression of anti-apoptotic BCL2,but none of the BH3-only protein deficiencies mentioned above,can mitigate myelosuppression. Our findings highlight tissue and cell-type-specific survival dependencies in response to SAC perturbation in vivo. View Publication

Of all gynecologic cancers,epithelial-ovarian cancer (OCa) stands out with the highest mortality rates. Despite all efforts,90% of individuals who receive standard surgical and cytotoxic therapy experience disease recurrence. The precise mechanism by which leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its receptor (LIFR) contribute to the progression of OCa remains unknown. Analysis of cancer databases revealed that elevated expression of LIF or LIFR was associated with poor progression-free survival of OCa patients and a predictor of poor response to chemotherapy. Using multiple primary and established OCa cell lines or tissues that represent five subtypes of epithelial-OCa,we demonstrated that LIF/LIFR autocrine signaling is active in OCa. Moreover,treatment with LIFR inhibitor,EC359 significantly reduced OCa cell viability and cell survival with an IC 50 ranging from 5-50 nM. Furthermore,EC359 diminished the stemness of OCa cells. Mechanistic studies using RNA-seq and rescue experiments unveiled that EC359 primarily induced ferroptosis by suppressing the glutathione antioxidant defense system. Using multiple in vitro,ex vivo and in vivo models including cell-based xenografts,patient-derived explants,organoids,and xenograft tumors,we demonstrated that EC359 dramatically reduced the growth and progression of OCa. Additionally,EC359 therapy considerably improved tumor immunogenicity by robust CD45 + leukocyte tumor infiltration and polarizing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) toward M1 phenotype while showing no impact on normal T-,B-,and other immune cells. Collectively,our findings indicate that the LIF/LIFR autocrine loop plays an essential role in OCa progression and that EC359 could be a promising therapeutic agent for OCa. Subject terms: Molecular medicine,Ovarian cancer View Publication

The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionarily increased the overall survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However,drug resistance remains a major obstacle. Here,we demonstrated that a BCR-ABL1-independent long non-coding RNA,IRAIN,is constitutively expressed at low levels in CML,resulting in imatinib resistance. IRAIN knockdown decreased the sensitivity of CD34 + CML blasts and cell lines to imatinib,whereas IRAIN overexpression significantly increased sensitivity. Mechanistically,IRAIN downregulates CD44,a membrane receptor favorably affecting TKI resistance,by binding to the nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 to reduce the expression of p65 and phosphorylated p65. Therefore,the demethylating drug decitabine,which upregulates IRAIN,combined with imatinib,formed a dual therapy strategy which can be applied to CML with resistance to TKIs. Subject areas: Molecular biology,Cell biology,Cancer View Publication

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into subtype-specific neurons holds substantial potential for disease modeling in vitro . For successful differentiation,a detailed understanding of the transcriptional networks regulating cell fate decisions is critical. The heterochronic nature of neurodevelopment,during which distinct cells in the brain and during in vitro differentiation acquire their fates in an unsynchronized manner,hinders pooled transcriptional comparisons. One approach is to “translate” chronologic time into linear developmental and maturational time. Simple binary promotor-driven fluorescent proteins (FPs) to pool similar cells are unable to achieve this goal,due to asynchronous promotor onset in individual cells. We tested five fluorescent timer (FT) molecules expressed from the endogenous paired box 6 (PAX6) promoter in 293T and human hPSCs. Each of these FT systems faithfully reported chronologic time in 293T cells,but none of the FT constructs followed the same fluorescence kinetics in human neural progenitor cells. Subject areas: Natural sciences,Biological sciences,Biochemistry,Molecular biology,Neuroscience,Cellular neuroscience,Cell biology View Publication

Establishing robust models of human myelinating Schwann cells is critical for studying peripheral nerve injury and disease. Stem cell differentiation has emerged as a key human cell model and disease motivating development of Schwann cell differentiation protocols. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are considered the ideal pluripotent cell but ethical concerns regarding their use have propelled the popularity of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Given that the equivalence of hESCs and hiPSCs remains controversial,we sought to compare the molecular and functional equivalence of hESC- and hiPSC-derived Schwann cells generated with our previously reported protocol. We identified only modest transcriptome differences by RNA sequencing and insignificant proteome differences by antibody array. Additionally,both cell types comparably improved nerve regeneration and function in a chronic denervation and regeneration animal model. Our findings demonstrate that Schwann cells derived from hESCs and hiPSCs with our protocol are molecularly comparable and functionally equivalent. Subject areas: Neuroscience,Cell biology,Stem cells research,Transcriptomics View Publication

Brain organoids represent a useful tool for modeling of neurodevelopmental disorders and can recapitulate brain volume alterations such as microcephaly. To monitor organoid growth,brightfield microscopy images are frequently used and evaluated manually which is time-consuming and prone to observer-bias. Recent software applications for organoid evaluation address this issue using classical or AI-based methods. These pipelines have distinct strengths and weaknesses that are not evident to external observers. We provide a dataset of more than 1,400 images of 64 trackable brain organoids from four clones differentiated from healthy and diseased patients. This dataset is especially powerful to test and compare organoid analysis pipelines because of (1) trackable organoids (2) frequent imaging during development (3) clone diversity (4) distinct clone development (5) cross sample imaging by two different labs (6) common imaging distractors,and (6) pixel-level ground truth organoid annotations. Therefore,this dataset allows to perform differentiated analyses to delineate strengths,weaknesses,and generalizability of automated organoid analysis pipelines as well as analysis of clone diversity and similarity. Subject terms: Disease model,Machine learning View Publication

Neural–tumor interactions drive glioma growth as evidenced in preclinical models,but clinical validation is limited. We present an epigenetically defined neural signature of glioblastoma that independently predicts patients’ survival. We use reference signatures of neural cells to deconvolve tumor DNA and classify samples into low- or high-neural tumors. High-neural glioblastomas exhibit hypomethylated CpG sites and upregulation of genes associated with synaptic integration. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals a high abundance of malignant stemcell-like cells in high-neural glioblastoma,primarily of the neural lineage. These cells are further classified as neural-progenitor-cell-like,astrocyte-like and oligodendrocyte-progenitor-like,alongside oligodendrocytes and excitatory neurons. In line with these findings,high-neural glioblastoma cells engender neuron-to-glioma synapse formation in vitro and in vivo and show an unfavorable survival after xenografting. In patients,a high-neural signature is associated with decreased overall and progression-free survival. High-neural tumors also exhibit increased functional connectivity in magnetencephalography and resting-state magnet resonance imaging and can be detected via DNA analytes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients’ plasma. The prognostic importance of the neural signature was further validated in patients diagnosed with diffuse midline glioma. Our study presents an epigenetically defined malignant neural signature in high-grade gliomas that is prognostically relevant. High-neural gliomas likely require a maximized surgical resection approach for improved outcomes. Subject terms: Translational research,CNS cancer,DNA methylation View Publication

STAT3 is constitutively activated in many cancer types,including lung cancer,and can induce cancer cell proliferation and cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance. STAT3 is activated by tyrosine kinases,such as JAK and SRC,but the mechanism by which STAT3 maintains its activated state in cancer cells remains unclear. Here,we show that PRMT5 directly methylates STAT3 and enhances its activated tyrosine phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. PRMT5 expression is also induced by STAT3,suggesting the presence of a positive feedback loop in cancer cells. Furthermore,methylation of STAT3 at arginine 609 by PRMT5 is important for its transcriptional activity and support of tumour growth and CSC maintenance. Indeed,NSCLC cells expressing the STAT3 mutant which R609 was replaced to alanine (R609K) show significantly impaired tumour growth in nude mice. Overall,our study reveals a mechanism by which STAT3 remains activated in NSCLC and provides a new target for cancer therapeutic approaches. Subject terms: Oncogenes,Non-small-cell lung cancer,Growth factor signalling View Publication