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Aims Hemophilia A (HA) is a severe,congenital bleeding disorder caused by the deficiency of clotting factor VIII (FVIII). For years,traditional laboratory animals have been used to study HA and its therapies,although animal models may not entirely mirror the human pathophysiology. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can undergo unlimited self-renewal and differentiate into all cell types. This study aims to generate hemophilia A (HA) patient-specific iPSCs that differentiate into disease-affected hepatocyte cells. These hepatocytes are potentially useful for in vitro disease modeling and provide an applicable cell source for autologous cell therapy after genetic correction. Main methods In this study,we mainly generated iPSCs from urine collected from HA patients with integration-free episomal vectors PEP4-EO2S-ET2K containing human genes OCT4,SOX2,SV40LT and KLF4,and differentiated these iPSCs into hepatocyte-like cells. We further identified the genetic phenotype of the FVIII genes and the FVIII activity in the patient-specific iPSC derived hepatic cells. Key findings HA patient-specific iPSCs (HA-iPSCs) exhibited typical pluripotent properties evident by immunostaining,in vitro assays and in vivo assays. Importantly,we showed that HA-iPSCs could differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells and the HA-iPSC-derived hepatocytes failed to produce FVIII,but otherwise functioned normally,recapitulating the phenotype of HA disease in vitro. Significance HA-iPSCs,particular those generated from the urine using a non-viral approach,provide an efficient way for modeling HA in vitro. Furthermore,HA-iPSCs and their derivatives serve as an invaluable cell source that can be used for gene and cell therapy in regenerative medicine. textcopyright 2014 Elsevier Inc. View Publication

Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell lines with tissue-specific or ubiquitous reporter genes are extremely useful for optimizing in vitro differentiation conditions as well as for monitoring transplanted cells in vivo. The adeno-associated virus integration site 1 (AAVS1) locus has been used as a safe harbor" locus for inserting transgenes because of its open chromatin structure� View Publication

Recently,induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were established as promising cell sources for revolutionary regenerative therapies. The initial culture system used for iPSC generation needed fetal calf serum in the culture medium and mouse embryonic fibroblast as a feeder layer,both of which could possibly transfer unknown exogenous antigens and pathogens into the iPSC population. Therefore,the development of culture systems designed to minimize such potential risks has become increasingly vital for future applications of iPSCs for clinical use. On another front,although donor cell types for generating iPSCs are wide-ranging,T cells have attracted attention as unique cell sources for iPSCs generation because T cell-derived iPSCs (TiPSCs) have a unique monoclonal T cell receptor genomic rearrangement that enables their differentiation into antigen-specific T cells,which can be applied to novel immunotherapies. In the present study,we generated transgene-free human TiPSCs using a combination of activated human T cells and Sendai virus under defined culture conditions. These TiPSCs expressed pluripotent markers by quantitative PCR and immunostaining,had a normal karyotype,and were capable of differentiating into cells from all three germ layers. This method of TiPSCs generation is more suitable for the therapeutic application of iPSC technology because it lowers the risks associated with the presence of undefined,animal-derived feeder cells and serum. Therefore this work will lead to establishment of safer iPSCs and extended clinical application. View Publication

Nanofibrous gelatin substrates are suited for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) under feeder- and serum-free culture conditions. A combinatorial library with different sets of processing parameters was established to assess the culture performance of hPSCs on nanofibrous substrates in terms of cell adhesion and growth rate,using Matrigel as control. Then,the optimal conditions were applied to long-term expansion of hPSCs with several cell lines,showing a maintained pluripotency over more than 20 passages without introducing any abnormal chromosome. In addition,this approach allowed us to avoid enzymatic disassociation and mechanic cutting during passages,thereby promoting a better hPSC culture and long-term expansion. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd. View Publication

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived endothelial lineage cells constitutes a promising source for therapeutic revascularization,but progress in this arena has been hampered by a lack of clinically-scalable differentiation protocols and inefficient formation of a functional vessel network integrating with the host circulation upon transplantation. Using a human embryonic stem cell reporter cell line,where green fluorescent protein expression is driven by an endothelial cell-specific VE-cadherin (VEC) promoter,we screened for textgreater 60 bioactive small molecules that would promote endothelial differentiation,and found that administration of BMP4 and a GSK-3β inhibitor in an early phase and treatment with VEGF-A and inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway in a later phase led to efficient differentiation of hPSCs to the endothelial lineage within six days. This sequential approach generated textgreater 50% conversion of hPSCs to endothelial cells (ECs),specifically VEC(+)CD31(+)CD34(+)CD14(-)KDR(high) endothelial progenitors (EPs) that exhibited higher angiogenic and clonogenic proliferation potential among endothelial lineage cells. Pharmaceutical inhibition or genetical knockdown of Notch signaling,in combination with VEGF-A treatment,resulted in efficient formation of EPs via KDR(+) mesodermal precursors and blockade of the conversion of EPs to mature ECs. The generated EPs successfully formed functional capillary vessels in vivo with anastomosis to the host vessels when transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Manipulation of this VEGF-A-Notch signaling circuit in our protocol leads to rapid large-scale production of the hPSC-derived EPs by 12- to 20-fold vs current methods,which may serve as an attractive cell population for regenerative vascularization with superior vessel forming capability compared to mature ECs. View Publication

Several transcription factors (TFs) have been implicated in neuroectoderm (NE) development,and recently,the TF PAX6 was shown to be critical for human NE specification. However,microRNA networks regulating human NE development have been poorly documented. We hypothesized that microRNAs activated by PAX6 should promote NE development. Using a genomics approach,we identified PAX6 binding sites and active enhancers genome-wide in an in vitro model of human NE development that was based on neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). PAX6 binding to active enhancers was found in the proximity of several microRNAs,including hsa-miR-135b. MiR-135b was activated during NE development,and ectopic expression of miR-135b in hESC promoted differentiation toward NE. MiR-135b promotes neural conversion by targeting components of the TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways,thereby inhibiting differentiation into alternate developmental lineages. Our results demonstrate a novel TF-miRNA module that is activated during human neuroectoderm development and promotes the irreversible fate specification of human pluripotent cells toward the neural lineage. View Publication

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has widely been appreciated as a promising tool to model human ocular disease emanating from primary RPE pathology. Here,we describe the successful reprogramming of adult human dermal fibroblasts to iPSCs and their differentiation to pure expandable RPE cells with structural and functional features characteristic for native RPE. Fibroblast cultures were established from skin biopsy material and subsequently reprogrammed following polycistronic lentiviral transduction with OCT4,SOX2,KLF4 and L-Myc. Fibroblast-derived iPSCs showed typical morphology,chromosomal integrity and a distinctive stem cell marker profile. Subsequent differentiation resulted in expandable pigmented hexagonal RPE cells. The cells revealed stable RNA expression of mature RPE markers RPE65,RLBP and BEST1. Immunolabelling verified localisation of BEST1 at the basolateral plasma membrane,and scanning electron microscopy showed typical microvilli at the apical side of iPSC-derived RPE cells. Transepithelial resistance was maintained at high levels during cell culture indicating functional formation of tight junctions. Secretion capacity was demonstrated for VEGF-A. Feeding of porcine photoreceptor outer segments revealed the proper ability of these cells for phagocytosis. IPSC-derived RPE cells largely maintained these properties after cryopreservation. Together,our study underlines that adult dermal fibroblasts can serve as a valuable resource for iPSC-derived RPE with characteristics highly reminiscent of true RPE cells. This will allow its broad application to establish cellular models for RPE-related human diseases. View Publication

Teratoma formation,the standard in vivo pluripotency assay,is also frequently used as a tumorigenicity assay. A common concern in therapeutic stem cell applications is the tumorigenicity potential of a small number of cell impurities in the final product. Estimation of this small number is hampered by the inaccurate methodology of the tumorigenicity assay. Hence,a protocol for tumorigenicity assay that can deliver a defined number of cells,without error introduced by leakage or migration of cells is needed. In this study,we tested our modified transplantation method that allows for transplant of small numbers of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) under the kidney capsule with minimal cell leakage. A glass capillary with a finely shaped tip and an attached mouth pipette was used to inject PSCs into the rodent kidney capsule. H9 embryonic and induced PSCs were tagged with Fluc and green fluorescence protein reporter genes and divided in different cell doses for transplantation. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) on the day of surgery showed that the cell signal was confined to the kidney and signal intensity correlated with increasing transplant cell numbers. The overall cell leakage rate was 17% and the rodent survival rate was 96%. Teratoma formation was observed in rodents transplanted with cell numbers between 1 × 10(5)-2 × 10(6). We conclude that this modified procedure for transplanting PSCs under the kidney capsule allows for transplantation of a defined number of PSCs with significant reduction of error associated with cell leakage from the transplant site. View Publication

Human stem cells are promising sources for bladder regeneration. Among several possible sources,pluripotent stem cells are the most fascinating because they can differentiate into any cell type,and proliferate limitlessly in vitro. Here,we developed a protocol for differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into bladder urothelial cells (BUCs) under a chemically defined culture system. We first differentiated hPSCs into definitive endoderm (DE),and further specified DE cells into BUCs by treating retinoic acid under a keratinocyte-specific serum free medium. hPSC-derived DE cells showed significantly expressed DE-specific genes,but did not express mesodermal or ectodermal genes. After DE cells were specified into BUCs,they notably expressed urothelium-specific genes such as UPIb,UPII,UPIIIa,P63 and CK7. Immunocytochemistry showed that BUCs expressed UPII,CK8/18 and P63 as well as tight junction molecules,E-CADHERIN and ZO-1. Additionally,hPSCs-derived BUCs exhibited low permeability in a FITC-dextran permeability assay,indicating BUCs possessed the functional units of barrier on their surfaces. However,BUCs did not express the marker genes of other endodermal lineage cells (intestine and liver) as well as mesodermal or ectodermal lineage cells. In summary,we sequentially differentiated hPSCs into DE and BUCs in a serum- and feeder-free condition. Our differentiation protocol will be useful for producing cells for bladder regeneration and studying normal and pathological development of the human bladder urothelium in vitro. View Publication

The genetic reprogramming technology allows one to generate pluripotent stem cells for individual patients. These cells,called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs),can be an unlimited source of specialized cell types for the body. Thus,autologous somatic cell replacement therapy becomes possible,as well as the generation of in vitro cell models for studying the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and drug discovery. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a loss of upper and lower motor neurons. About 10% of cases are genetically inherited,and the most common familial form of ALS is associated with mutations in the SOD1 gene. We used the reprogramming technology to generate induced pluripotent stem cells with patients with familial ALS. Patient-specific iPS cells were obtained by both integration and transgene-free delivery methods of reprogramming transcription factors. These iPS cells have the properties of pluripotent cells and are capable of direct differentiation into motor neurons. View Publication

We measured the dynamics of an essential epigenetic modifier,HP1β,in human cells at different stages of differentiation using Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). We found that HP1β mobility is similar in human embryonic stem cells (hES) and iPS cells where it is more mobile compared to fibroblasts; HP1β is less mobile in senescent fibroblasts than in young (dividing) fibroblasts. Introduction of reprogramming factors"� View Publication

We have previously reported the genetic correction of Huntington's disease (HD) patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells using traditional homologous recombination (HR) approaches. To extend this work,we have adopted a CRISPR-based genome editing approach to improve the efficiency of recombination in order to generate allelic isogenic HD models in human cells. Incorporation of a rapid antibody-based screening approach to measure recombination provides a powerful method to determine relative efficiency of genome editing for modeling polyglutamine diseases or understanding factors that modulate CRISPR/Cas9 HR. View Publication