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Granulomas are innate sequestration responses that can be modified by superimposed acquired immune mechanisms. The present study examined the innate stage of pulmonary granuloma responses to bead-immobilized Th1- and Th2-inducing pathogen antigens (Ags),Mycobacteria bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) and Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg Ags (SEA). Compared to a nonpathogen Ag,PPD and SEA bead elicited larger lesions with the former showing accelerated inflammation. Temporal analyses of cytokine and chemokine transcripts showed all Ag beads induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA but indicated biased interleukin (IL)-1,IL-6,and IL-12 expression with PPD challenge. All beads elicited comparable levels of CXCL9,CXL10,CCL2,CCL17,and CCL22 mRNA,but PPD beads caused biased CXCL2 CXCL5,CCL3,and CCL4 expression whereas both pathogen Ags induced CCL7. Immunohistochemical,electron microscopic,and flow cytometric analyses showed that Ag beads mobilized CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) of comparable maturation. Transfer of DCs from PPD Ag-challenged lungs conferred a Th1 anamnestic cytokine response in recipients. Surprisingly,transfer of DCs from the helminth SEA-challenged lungs did not confer the expected Th2 response,but instead rendered recipients incapable of Ag-elicited IL-4 production. These results provide in vivo evidence that lung DCs recruited under inflammatory conditions favor Th1 responses and alternative mechanisms are required for Th2 commitment. View Publication

BCR-ABL and v-ABL are oncogenic forms of the Abl tyrosine kinase that can cause leukemias in mice and humans. ABL oncogenes trigger multiple signaling pathways whose contribution to transformation varies among cell types. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is essential for ABL-dependent proliferation and survival in some cell types,and global PI3K inhibitors can enhance the antileukemia effects of the Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib. Although a significant fraction of BCR-ABL-induced human leukemias are of B-cell origin,little is known about PI3K signaling mechanisms in B-lineage cells transformed by ABL oncogenes. Here we show that activation of class I(A) PI3K and downstream inactivation of FOXO transcription factors are essential for survival of murine pro/pre-B cells transformed by v-ABL or BCR-ABL. In addition,analysis of mice lacking individual PI3K genes indicates that products of the Pik3r1 gene contribute to transformation efficiency by BCR-ABL. These findings establish a role for PI3K signaling in B-lineage transformation by ABL oncogenes. View Publication

NUP98-Hox fusion genes are newly identified oncogenes isolated in myeloid leukemias. Intriguingly,only Abd-B Hox genes have been reported as fusion partners,indicating that they may have unique overlapping leukemogenic properties. To address this hypothesis,we engineered novel NUP98 fusions with Hox genes not previously identified as fusion partners: the Abd-B-like gene HOXA10 and two Antennepedia-like genes,HOXB3 and HOXB4. Notably,NUP98-HOXA10 and NUP98-HOXB3 but not NUP98-HOXB4 induced leukemia in a murine transplant model,which is consistent with the reported leukemogenic potential ability of HOXA10 and HOXB3 but not HOXB4. Thus,the ability of Hox genes to induce leukemia as NUP98 fusion partners,although apparently redundant for Abd-B-like activity,is not restricted to this group,but rather is determined by the intrinsic leukemogenic potential of the Hox partner. We also show that the potent leukemogenic activity of Abd-B-like Hox genes is correlated with their strong ability to block hematopoietic differentiation. Conversely,coexpression of the Hox cofactor Meis1 alleviated the requirement of a strong intrinsic Hox-transforming potential to induce leukemia. Our results support a model in which many if not all Hox genes can be leukemogenic and point to striking functional overlap not previously appreciated,presumably reflecting common regulated pathways. View Publication

The development of immunodeficient mouse xenograft models has greatly facilitated the investigation of some human hematopoietic malignancies,but application of this approach to the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) has proven difficult. We now show that cells from most MDS patients (including all subtypes) repopulate nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (scid)/scid-beta2 microglobulin null (NOD/SCID-beta2m(-/-)) mice at least transiently and produce abnormal differentiation patterns in this model. Normal marrow transplants initially produce predominantly erythroid cells and later predominantly B-lymphoid cells in these mice,whereas most MDS samples produced predominantly granulopoietic cells. In 4 of 4 MDS cases,the regenerated cells showed the same clonal markers (trisomy 8,n = 3; and 5q-,n = 1) as the original sample and,in one instance,regenerated trisomy 8(+) B-lymphoid as well as myeloid cells were identified. Interestingly,the enhanced growth of normal marrow obtained in NOD/SCID-beta2m(-/-) mice engineered to produce human interleukin-3,granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,and Steel factor was seen only with 1 of 7 MDS samples. These findings support the concept that human MDS originates in a transplantable multilineage hematopoietic stem cell whose genetic alteration may affect patterns of differentiation and responsiveness to hematopoietic growth factors. They also demonstrate the potential of this new murine xenotransplant model for future investigations of MDS. View Publication

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the block of differentiation,deregulated apoptosis,and an increased self-renewal of hematopoietic precursors. It is unclear whether the self-renewal of leukemic blasts results from the cumulative effects of blocked differentiation and impaired apoptosis or whether there are mechanisms directly increasing self-renewal. The AML-associated translocation products (AATPs) promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RAR alpha),promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)/RAR alpha (X-RAR alpha),and AML-1/ETO block hematopoietic differentiation. The AATPs activate the Wnt signaling by up-regulating gamma-catenin. Activation of the Wnt signaling augments self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Therefore,we investigated how AATPs influence self-renewal of HSCs and evaluated the role of gamma-catenin in the determination of the phenotype of HSCs expressing AATPs. Here we show that the AATPs directly activate the gamma-catenin promoter. The crucial role of gamma-catenin in increasing the self-renewal of HSCs upon expression of AATPs is demonstrated by (i) the abrogation of replating efficiency upon hindrance of gamma-catenin expression through RNA interference,and (ii) the augmentation of replating efficiency of HSCs upon overexpression of gamma-catenin itself. In addition,the inoculation of gamma-catenin-transduced HSCs into irradiated recipient mice establishes the clinical picture of AML. These data provide the first evidence that the aberrant activation of Wnt signaling by the AATP decisively contributes to the pathogenesis of AML. View Publication

The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation is the most common chromosomal abnormality yet identified in any pediatric leukemia and gives rise to the TEL-AML1 fusion product. To investigate the effects of TEL-AML1 on hematopoiesis,fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing this fusion protein. We show that TEL-AML1 dramatically alters differentiation of HPCs in vitro,preferentially promoting B-lymphocyte development,enhancing self-renewal of B-cell precursors,and leading to the establishment of long-term growth factor-dependent pre-B-cell lines. However,it had no effect on myeloid development in vitro. Further experiments were performed to determine whether TEL-AML1 also demonstrates lineage-specific activity in vivo. TEL-AML1-expressing HPCs displayed a competitive advantage in reconstituting both B-cell and myeloid lineages in vivo but had no effect on reconstitution of the T-cell lineage. Despite promoting these alterations in hematopoiesis,TEL-AML1 did not induce leukemia in transplanted mice. Our study provides a unique insight into the role of TEL-AML1 in leukemia predisposition and a potential model to study the mechanism of leukemogenesis associated with this fusion. View Publication

Creation of fusion genes by balanced chromosomal translocations is one of the hallmarks of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is considered one of the key leukemogenic events in this disease. In t(12;13)(p13;q12) AML,ectopic expression of the homeobox gene CDX2 was detected in addition to expression of the ETV6-CDX2 fusion gene,generated by the chromosomal translocation. Here we show in a murine model of t(12;13)(p13;q12) AML that myeloid leukemogenesis is induced by the ectopic expression of CDX2 and not by the ETV6-CDX2 chimeric gene. Mice transplanted with bone marrow cells retrovirally engineered to express Cdx2 rapidly succumbed to fatal and transplantable AML. The transforming capacity of Cdx2 depended on an intact homeodomain and the N-terminal transactivation domain. Transplantation of bone marrow cells expressing ETV6-CDX2 failed to induce leukemia. Furthermore,coexpression of ETV6-CDX2 and Cdx2 in bone marrow cells did not accelerate the course of disease in transplanted mice compared to Cdx2 alone. These data demonstrate that activation of a protooncogene by a balanced chromosomal translocation can be the pivotal leukemogenic event in AML,characterized by the expression of a leukemia-specific fusion gene. Furthermore,these findings link protooncogene activation to myeloid leukemogenesis,an oncogenic mechanism so far associated mainly with lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas. View Publication

BACKGROUND Inhibition of bone resorption using bisphosphonates is an important step in palliation of complications of advanced cancer,such as hypercalcemia and metastatic bone disease. OBJECTIVE The goal of this article was to describe the pharmacologic properties of zoledronic acid (zoledronate) and discuss findings from preclinical and clinical studies of its use in skeletal disorders. METHODS Relevant English-language literature was identified using the terms zoledronic acid,zoledronate,Zometa,and 118072-93-8 through searches of MEDLINE (1966-June 2003) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-June 2003),and abstract proceedings from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (1997-2002). RESULTS Zoledronic acid is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that inhibits bone resorption. It is indicated for the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy and for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma or documented metastasis from solid tumors,in conjunction with standard antineoplastic therapy. The recommended dosage is 4 mg via IV over textgreateror= 15 minutes every 3 or 4 weeks. Compared with pamidronate 90 mg,zoledronic acid 4 and 8 mg provided a higher complete response rate for hypercalcemia of malignancy by day 10 (88.4% and 86.7% vs 69.7%; P = 0.002 and P = 0.015) and longer duration of action (median time to relapse,30 and 40 days vs 17 days; P = 0.001 and P = 0.007). In patients with breast cancer or multiple myeloma,zoledronic acid was as effective as pamidronate in delaying time to a first skeletal-related event (373 days vs 363 days). In patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and bone metastases,zoledronic acid 4 mg reduced the proportion of patients who experienced a skeletal-related event (33% vs 44% with placebo; P = 0.021) or a skeletal fracture (13% vs 22% with placebo; P = 0.015). In patients with bone metastases from solid tumors,zoledronic acid delayed the median time to a first skeletal-related event (230 days vs 163 days with placebo; P = 0.023). Common adverse events include fever,nausea,constipation,fatigue,and bone pain. CONCLUSION Zoledronic acid is an effective and generally well-tolerated treatment for hypercalcemia of malignancy and skeletal complications of metastatic bone disease. View Publication

Abnormal differentiation of myeloid cells is one of the hallmarks of cancer. However,the molecular mechanisms of this process remain elusive. In this study,we investigated the effect of tumor-derived factors on Janus kinase (Jak)/STAT signaling in myeloid cells during their differentiation into dendritic cells. Tumor cell conditioned medium induced activation of Jak2 and STAT3,which was associated with an accumulation of immature myeloid cells. Jak2/STAT3 activity was localized primarily in these myeloid cells,which prevented the differentiation of immature myeloid cells into mature dendritic cells. This differentiation was restored after removal of tumor-derived factors. Inhibition of STAT3 abrogated the negative effects of these factors on myeloid cell differentiation,and overexpression of STAT3 reproduced the effects of tumor-derived factors. Thus,this is a first demonstration that tumor-derived factors may affect myeloid cell differentiation in cancer via constitutive activation of Jak2/STAT3. View Publication

In this study,we examined the effects of isoform-specific functional inhibitors of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT),which converts lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid,on multiple myeloma (MM) cell growth and survival. The LPAAT-beta inhibitors CT-32176,CT-32458,and CT-32615 induced textgreater95% growth inhibition (P textless 0.01) in MM.1S,U266,and RPMI8226 MM cell lines,as well as MM cells from patients (IC(50),50-200 nM). We further characterized this LPAAT-beta inhibitory effect using CT-32615,the most potent inhibitor of MM cell growth. CT-32615 triggered apoptosis in MM cells via caspase-8,caspase-3,caspase-7,and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Neither interleukin 6 nor insulin-like growth factor I inhibited CT-32615-induced apoptosis. Dexamethasone and immunomodulatory derivatives of thalidomide (IMiDs),but not proteasome inhibitor PS-341,augmented MM cell apoptosis triggered by LPAAT-beta inhibitors. CT-32615-induced apoptosis was associated with phosphorylation of p53 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK); conversely,JNK inhibitor SP600125 and dominant-negative JNK inhibited CT-32615-induced apoptosis. Importantly,CT-32615 inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-triggered nuclear factor-kappaB activation but did not affect either tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation or interleukin 6-triggered signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 phosphorylation. Finally,although binding of MM cells to bone marrow stromal cells augments MM cell growth and protects against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis,CT-32615 induced apoptosis even of adherent MM cells. Our data therefore demonstrate for the first time that inhibiting LPAAT-beta induces cytotoxicity in MM cells in the bone marrow milieu,providing the framework for clinical trials of these novel agents in MM. View Publication