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Developmental pathways that orchestrate the fleeting transition of endothelial cells into haematopoietic stem cells remain undefined. Here we demonstrate a tractable approach for fully reprogramming adult mouse endothelial cells to haematopoietic stem cells (rEC-HSCs) through transient expression of the transcription-factor-encoding genes Fosb,Gfi1,Runx1,and Spi1 (collectively denoted hereafter as FGRS) and vascular-niche-derived angiocrine factors. The induction phase (days 0-8) of conversion is initiated by expression of FGRS in mature endothelial cells,which results in endogenous Runx1 expression. During the specification phase (days 8-20),RUNX1(+) FGRS-transduced endothelial cells commit to a haematopoietic fate,yielding rEC-HSCs that no longer require FGRS expression. The vascular niche drives a robust self-renewal and expansion phase of rEC-HSCs (days 20-28). rEC-HSCs have a transcriptome and long-term self-renewal capacity similar to those of adult haematopoietic stem cells,and can be used for clonal engraftment and serial primary and secondary multi-lineage reconstitution,including antigen-dependent adaptive immune function. Inhibition of TGFβ and CXCR7 or activation of BMP and CXCR4 signalling enhanced generation of rEC-HSCs. Pluripotency-independent conversion of endothelial cells into autologous authentic engraftable haematopoietic stem cells could aid treatment of haematological disorders. View Publication

Biologic TNFα inhibitors are a mainstay treatment option for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refractory to other treatment options. However,many patients either do not respond or relapse after initially responding to these agents. This study was carried out to identify biomarkers that can distinguish responder from non-responder patients before the initiation of treatment. The level of cytokines in plasma and those produced by ex vivo T cells,B cells and monocytes in 97 RA patients treated with biologic TNFα inhibitors was measured before treatment and after 1 and 3 months of treatment by multiplex analyses. The frequency of T cell subsets and intracellular cytokines were determined by flow cytometry. The results reveal that pre-treatment,T cells from patients who went on to respond to treatment with biologic anti-TNFα agents produced significantly more GM-CSF than non-responder patients. Furthermore,immune cells from responder patients produced higher levels of IL-1β,TNFα and IL-6. Cytokine profiling in the blood of patients confirmed the association between high levels of GM-CSF and responsiveness to biologic anti-TNFα agents. Thus,high blood levels of GM-CSF pre-treatment had a positive predictive value of 87.5% (61.6 to 98.5% at 95% CI) in treated RA patients. The study also shows that cells from most anti-TNFα responder patients in the current cohort produced higher levels of GM-CSF and TNFα pre-treatment than non-responder patients. Findings from the current study and our previous observations that non-responsiveness to anti-TNFα is associated with high IL-17 levels suggest that the disease in responder and non-responder RA patients is likely to be driven/sustained by different inflammatory pathways. The use of biomarker signatures of distinct pro-inflammatory pathways could lead to evidence-based prescription of the most appropriate biological therapies for different RA patients. View Publication

Activin A belongs to the superfamily of transforming growth factor beta (TGF$\beta$) and is a critical regulatory cytokine in breast cancer and inflammation. However,the role of activin A in migration of breast cancer cells and immune cells was not well characterized. Here,a microfluidic device was used to examine the effect of activin A on the migration of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cells and human blood neutrophils as well as their migratory interaction. We found that activin A promoted the basal migration but impaired epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced migration of breast cancer cells. By contrast,activin A reduced neutrophil chemotaxis and transendothelial migration to N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP). Finally,activin A promoted neutrophil chemotaxis to the supernatant from breast cancer cell culture. Collectively,our study revealed the different roles of activin A in regulating the migration of breast cancer cells and neutrophils and their migratory interaction. These findings suggested the potential of activin A as a therapeutic target for inflammation and breast cancers. View Publication

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative prionopathy clinically characterized by ataxia,spastic paraparesis,extrapyramidal signs and dementia. In some GSS familiar cases carrying point mutations in the PRNP gene,patients also showed comorbid tauopathy leading to mixed pathologies. In this study we developed an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell model derived from fibroblasts of a GSS patient harboring the Y218N PRNP mutation,as well as an age-matched healthy control. This particular PRNP mutation is unique with very few described cases. One of the cases presented neurofibrillary degeneration with relevant Tau hyperphosphorylation. Y218N iPS-derived cultures showed relevant astrogliosis,increased phospho-Tau,altered microtubule-associated transport and cell death. However,they failed to generate proteinase K-resistant prion. In this study we set out to test,for the first time,whether iPS cell-derived neurons could be used to investigate the appearance of disease-related phenotypes (i.e,tauopathy) identified in the GSS patient. View Publication

It has been postulated that during human fetal development,all cells of the lung epithelium derive from embryonic,endodermal,NK2 homeobox 1-expressing (NKX2-1+) precursor cells. However,this hypothesis has not been formally tested owing to an inability to purify or track these progenitors for detailed characterization. Here we have engineered and developmentally differentiated NKX2-1GFP reporter pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in vitro to generate and isolate human primordial lung progenitors that express NKX2-1 but are initially devoid of differentiated lung lineage markers. After sorting to purity,these primordial lung progenitors exhibited lung epithelial maturation. In the absence of mesenchymal coculture support,this NKX2-1+ population was able to generate epithelial-only spheroids in defined 3D cultures. Alternatively,when recombined with fetal mouse lung mesenchyme,the cells recapitulated epithelial-mesenchymal developing lung interactions. We imaged these progenitors in real time and performed time-series global transcriptomic profiling and single-cell RNA sequencing as they moved through the earliest moments of lung lineage specification. The profiles indicated that evolutionarily conserved,stage-dependent gene signatures of early lung development are expressed in primordial human lung progenitors and revealed a CD47hiCD26lo cell surface phenotype that allows their prospective isolation from untargeted,patient-specific PSCs for further in vitro differentiation and future applications in regenerative medicine. View Publication

The epicardium contributes both multi-lineage descendants and paracrine factors to the heart during cardiogenesis and cardiac repair,underscoring its potential for cardiac regenerative medicine. Yet little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate human epicardial development and regeneration. Here,we show that the temporal modulation of canonical Wnt signaling is sufficient for epicardial induction from 6 different human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines,including a WT1-2A-eGFP knock-in reporter line,under chemically-defined,xeno-free conditions. We also show that treatment with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-signalling inhibitors permitted long-term expansion of the hPSC-derived epicardial cells,resulting in a more than 25 population doublings of WT1+ cells in homogenous monolayers. The hPSC-derived epicardial cells were similar to primary epicardial cells both in vitro and in vivo,as determined by morphological and functional assays,including RNA-seq. Our findings have implications for the understanding of self-renewal mechanisms of the epicardium and for epicardial regeneration using cellular or small-molecule therapies. View Publication

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) originate as circulating monocytes,and are recruited to gliomas,where they facilitate tumor growth and migration. Understanding the interaction between TAM and cancer cells may identify therapeutic targets for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of cancer cells,which is involved in interactions with immune cells. Analysis of the glioma patient database and tissue immunohistochemistry showed that VCAM-1 expression correlated with the clinico-pathological grade of gliomas. Here,we found that VCAM-1 expression correlated positively with monocyte adhesion to GBM,and knockdown of VCAM-1 abolished the enhancement of monocyte adhesion. Importantly,upregulation of VCAM-1 is dependent on epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR) expression,and inhibition of EGFR effectively reduced VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion activity. Moreover,GBM possessing higher EGFR levels (U251 cells) had higher VCAM-1 levels compared to GBMs with lower levels of EGFR (GL261 cells). Using two- and three-dimensional cultures,we found that monocyte adhesion to GBM occurs via integrin α4β1,which promotes tumor growth and invasion activity. Increased proliferation and tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ levels were also observed in the adherent monocytes. Using a genetic modification approach,we demonstrated that VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion were regulated by the miR-181 family,and lower levels of miR-181b correlated with high-grade glioma patients. Our results also demonstrated that miR-181b/protein phosphatase 2A-modulated SP-1 de-phosphorylation,which mediated the EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to GBM. We also found that the EGFR-dependent VCAM-1 expression is mediated by the p38/STAT3 signaling pathway. Our study suggested that VCAM-1 is a critical modulator of EGFR-dependent interaction of monocytes with GBM,which raises the possibility of developing effective and improved therapies for GBM.Oncogene advance online publication,1 May 2017; doi:10.1038/onc.2017.129. View Publication

To better understand transcriptional regulation during human oogenesis and preimplantation development,we defined stage-specific transcription,which highlighted the cleavage stage as being highly distinctive. Here,we present multiple lines of evidence that a eutherian-specific multicopy retrogene,DUX4,encodes a transcription factor that activates hundreds of endogenous genes (for example,ZSCAN4,KDM4E and PRAMEF-family genes) and retroviral elements (MERVL/HERVL family) that define the cleavage-specific transcriptional programs in humans and mice. Remarkably,mouse Dux expression is both necessary and sufficient to convert mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into 2-cell-embryo-like ('2C-like') cells,measured here by the reactivation of '2C' genes and repeat elements,the loss of POU5F1 (also known as OCT4) protein and chromocenters,and the conversion of the chromatin landscape (as assessed by transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq)) to a state strongly resembling that of mouse 2C embryos. Thus,we propose mouse DUX and human DUX4 as major drivers of the cleavage or 2C state. View Publication

The high risk of neonatal death from sepsis is thought to result from impaired responses by innate immune cells; however,the clinical observation of hyperinflammatory courses of neonatal sepsis contradicts this concept. Using transcriptomic,epigenetic and immunological approaches,we demonstrated that high amounts of the perinatal alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 specifically altered MyD88-dependent proinflammatory gene programs. S100 programming prevented hyperinflammatory responses without impairing pathogen defense. TRIF-adaptor-dependent regulatory genes remained unaffected by perinatal S100 programming and responded strongly to lipopolysaccharide,but were barely expressed. Steady-state expression of TRIF-dependent genes increased only gradually during the first year of life in human neonates,shifting immune regulation toward the adult phenotype. Disruption of this critical sequence of transient alarmin programming and subsequent reprogramming of regulatory pathways increased the risk of hyperinflammation and sepsis. Collectively these data suggest that neonates are characterized by a selective,transient microbial unresponsiveness that prevents harmful hyperinflammation in the delicate neonate while allowing for sufficient immunological protection. View Publication

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles that hold promise as living vehicles for intracellular delivery of therapeutics to mammalian cells. This potential,however,is undermined by the lack of effective methods to load exosomes with therapeutic proteins and to facilitate their uptake by target cells. Here,we demonstrate how a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) can both load protein cargo onto exosomes and increase their delivery ability via a pseudotyping mechanism. By fusing a set of fluorescent and luminescent reporters with VSVG,we show the successful targeting and incorporation of VSVG fusions into exosomes by gene transfection and fluorescence tracking. We subsequently validate our system by live cell imaging of VSVG and its participation in endosomes/exosomes that are ultimately released from transfected HEK293 cells. We show that VSVG pseudotyping of exosomes does not affect the size or distributions of the exosomes,and both the full-length VSVG and the VSVG without the ectodomain are shown to integrate into the exosomal membrane,suggesting that the ectodomain is not required for protein loading. Finally,exosomes pseudotyped with full-length VSVG are internalized by multiple-recipient cell types to a greater degree compared to exosomes loaded with VSVG without the ectodomain,confirming a role of the ectodomain in cell tropism. In summary,our work introduces a new genetically encoded pseudotyping platform to load and enhance the intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins via exosome-based vehicles to target cells. View Publication