参考文献

As sentinels of the immune system,dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in regulating cellular immune responses. One of the main challenges of developing DC-targeted therapies includes the delivery of antigen to DCs in order to promote the activation of antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells. With the goal of creating antigen-directed immunotherapeutics that can be safely administered directly to patients,Immune Design has developed a platform of novel integration-deficient lentiviral vectors that target and deliver antigen-encoding nucleic acids to human DCs. This platform,termed ID-VP02,utilizes a novel genetic variant of a Sindbis virus envelope glycoprotein with posttranslational carbohydrate modifications in combination with Vpx,a SIVmac viral accessory protein,to achieve efficient targeting and transduction of human DCs. In addition,ID-VP02 incorporates safety features in its design that include two redundant mechanisms to render ID-VP02 integration-deficient. Here,we describe the characteristics that allow ID-VP02 to specifically transduce human DCs,and the advances that ID-VP02 brings to conventional third-generation lentiviral vector design as well as demonstrate upstream production yields that will enable manufacturing feasibility studies to be conducted. View Publication

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs),or synthetic mimetics thereof,are not favorably viewed as orally bioavailable drugs owing to their high number of anionic sulfate groups. Devising an approach for oral delivery of such highly sulfated molecules would be very useful. This work presents the concept that conjugating cholesterol to synthetic sulfated GAG mimetics enables oral delivery. A focused library of sulfated GAG mimetics was synthesized and found to inhibit the growth of a colorectal cancer cell line under spheroid conditions with a wide range of potencies ( 0.8 to 46). Specific analogues containing cholesterol,either alone or in combination with clinical utilized drugs,exhibited pronounced in vivo anticancer potential with intraperitoneal as well as oral administration,as assessed by ex vivo tertiary and quaternary spheroid growth,cancer stem cell (CSC) markers,and/or self-renewal factors. Overall,cholesterol derivatization of highly sulfated GAG mimetics affords an excellent approach for engineering oral activity. View Publication

There is a global need to elucidate protective antigens expressed by the SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Monoclonal antibody reagents that recognise specific antigens on SARS-CoV are needed urgently. In this report,the development and immunochemical characterisation of a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the SARS-CoV is presented,based upon their specificity,binding requirements,and biological activity. Initial screening by ELISA,using highly purified virus as the coating antigen,resulted in the selection of 103 mAbs to the SARS virus. Subsequent screening steps reduced this panel to seventeen IgG mAbs. A single mAb,F26G15,is specific for the nucleoprotein as seen in Western immunoblot while five other mAbs react with the Spike protein. Two of these Spike-specific mAbs demonstrate the ability to neutralise SARS-CoV in vitro while another four Western immunoblot-negative mAbs also neutralise the virus. The utility of these mAbs for diagnostic development is demonstrated. Antibody from convalescent SARS patients,but not normal human serum,is also shown to specifically compete off binding of mAbs to whole SARS-CoV. These studies highlight the importance of using standardised assays and reagents. These mAbs will be useful for the development of diagnostic tests,studies of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and vaccine development. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. View Publication

Heartland virus (HRTV),a phlebovirus first isolated from two Missouri farmers in 2009,has been proposed to be transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Amblyomma americanum ticks. It is closely related to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) from China,another previously unrecognized phlebovirus that has subsequently been associated with hundreds of cases of severe disease in humans. To expand diagnostic capacity to detect HRTV infections,20 hybridoma clones secreting anti-HRTV murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed using splenocytes from HRTV-inoculated AG129 alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptor-deficient mice. Nine of these MAbs were characterized herein for inclusion in future HRTV diagnostic assay development. All of the MAbs developed were found to be non-neutralizing and reactive to linear epitopes on HRTV nucleocapsid protein. MAb 2AF11 was found to be cross-reactive with SFTSV. View Publication

The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic was a major international public health crisis which caused considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. The goal of this study was to produce anti-H1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for improving diagnostic immunological assays and to develop potential immunotherapeutics. Nine MAbs were produced after immunizing mice with recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) protein from A/California/06/09. Two spleenocyte myeloma fusions yielded 1588 hybridoma cultures. After screening the hybridoma culture supernatants for antibody reactivity to rHA,nine clones were selected for further characterization. Cross-reactivity studies of the anti-rHA antibodies against a panel of influenza viruses (H1-H16) revealed eight out of nine MAbs were specific to the pandemic H1 subtype,except for MAb F256G2sc1 which also cross-reacted with H5 subtype virus. All MAbs were of the IgG1κ isotype,except F256G2sc1 which was IgG2aκ. The anti-rHA MAbs had binding affinities to rHA that ranged from a K(D) (disassociation constant) of 1.34×10(-9)M (F255G7sc1) to the weakest affinity of 4.60×10(-8)M (F255G4sc1). Interestingly,in a plaque reduction neutralization assay,all MAbs except F255G3sc1 demonstrated neutralizing ability. Furthermore,all MAbs except F255G3sc1 and F255G9sc1 exhibited anti-hemagglutinin activity against pandemic H1N1 viruses,but not against classical North American swine influenza viruses of the same subtype. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated that all MAbs except F255G1sc1 and F255G3sc1 were able to detect 2009 pandemic H1N1 (2009) virus- infected MDCK cells. The MAbs were also evaluated for potential use in competitive ELISA (cELISA),and with the exception of F255G3sc1,all MAbs showed competitive activity with serum collected from pigs infected with pandemic H1N1 virus (2009). The developed MAbs have demonstrated utility as immunodiagnostic and research reagents,and their neutralizing capabilities also hold potential for designing antiviral drugs against pandemic influenza. View Publication

An immunochromatographic assay (Campy-ICA) using a newly generated single monoclonal antibody against a 15-kDa cell surface protein of Campylobacter jejuni was developed. When cell suspensions of 86 C. jejuni strains and 27 Campylobacter coli strains were treated with a commercially available bacterial protein extraction reagent and the resulting extracts were tested with the Campy-ICA,they all yielded positive results. The minimum detectable limits for the C. jejuni strains ranged from 1.8 x 10(4) to 8.2 x 10(5) CFU/ml of cell suspension,and those for the C. coli strains ranged from 1.4 x 10(5) to 4.6 x 10(6) CFU/ml of cell suspension. All 26 non-Campylobacter species tested yielded negative results with the Campy-ICA. To evaluate the ability of the Campy-ICA to detect C. jejuni and C. coli in human stool specimens,suspensions of 222 stool specimens from patients with acute gastroenteritis were treated with the bacterial protein extraction reagent,and the resulting extracts were tested with the Campy-ICA. The Campy-ICA results showed a sensitivity of 84.8% (28 of 33 specimens) and a specificity of 100% (189 of 189 specimens) compared to the results of isolation of C. jejuni and C. coli from the stool specimens by a bacterial culture test. The Campy-ICA was simple to perform and was able to detect Campylobacter antigen in a fecal extract within 15 min. These results suggest that Campy-ICA testing of fecal extracts may be useful as a simple and rapid adjunct to stool culture for detecting C. jejuni and C. coli in human stool specimens. View Publication

Human monoclonal antibodies against RSV have high potential for use as prophylaxis or therapeutic molecules,and they also can be used to define the structure of protective epitopes for rational vaccine design. In the past,however,isolation of human monoclonal antibodies was difficult and inefficient. Here,we describe contemporary methods for activation and proliferation of primary human memory B cells followed by cytofusion to non-secreting myeloma cells by dielectrophoresis to generate human hybridomas secreting RSV-specific monoclonal antibodies. We also provide experimental methods for screening human B cell lines to obtain RSV-specific lines,especially lines secreting neutralizing antibodies. View Publication

PURPOSE: In vitro sensitivity to the proapoptotic receptor agonists dulanermin (rhApo2L/TRAIL) and drozitumab (DR5-agonist antibody) is strongly predicted by the expression of the O-glycosylation enzymes GALNT14 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (among others) and of FUT3/6 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. We developed immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays that measure GALNT14 and FUT3/6 levels in archival formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded human tumor tissue to determine marker prevalence in NSCLC and CRC tissue and to enable the future examination of these markers in clinical trials. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: GALNT14 or FUT3/6 ELISA-positive hybridoma clones were screened through IHC on cell pellets with known mRNA levels. The specificity of staining was examined in cell lines,normal tissue,and tumor tissue. RESULTS: GALNT14 and FUT3/6 IHC exhibited a golgi staining pattern and correlated with GALNT14 and FUT3/6 (but not GALNT2 and FUT4) mRNA expression levels in cell lines and normal tissues,suggesting specificity. GALNT14 and FUT3/6 H-scores were significantly higher in cell lines sensitive to dulanermin (P = 0.01 and P = 0.0004,respectively) and drozitumab (P = 0.03 and P textless 0.0001,respectively) versus resistant cell lines. GALNT14 and FUT3/6 H-scores varied widely,with approximately 45% of NSCLC samples exhibiting weak to moderate GALNT14 staining (H-score of at least 25) and 70% of CRC samples exhibiting moderate to strong FUT3/6 staining (H-score of at least 125). CONCLUSIONS: GALNT14 and FUT3/6 expression can be assessed in human tumors using sensitive and specific IHC assays. Both assays are being deployed in ongoing clinical trials of dulanermin and drozitumab to assess potential utility for patient selection. View Publication

Long-chain bases are present in the oral cavity. Previously we determined that sphingosine,dihydrosphingosine,and phytosphingosine have potent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. Here,we determined the cytotoxicities of long-chain bases for oral cells,an important step in considering their potential as antimicrobial agents for oral infections. This information would clearly help in establishing prophylactic or therapeutic doses. To assess this,human oral gingival epithelial (GE) keratinocytes,oral gingival fibroblasts (GF),and dendritic cells (DC) were exposed to 10.0-640.0 μM long-chain bases and glycerol monolaurate (GML). The effects of long-chain bases on cell metabolism (conversion of resazurin to resorufin),membrane permeability (uptake of propidium iodide or SYTOX-Green),release of cellular contents (LDH),and cell morphology (confocal microscopy) were all determined. GE keratinocytes were more resistant to long-chain bases as compared to GF and DC,which were more susceptible. For DC,0.2-10.0 μM long-chain bases and GML were not cytotoxic; 40.0-80.0 μM long-chain bases,but not GML,were cytotoxic; and 80.0 μM long-chain bases induced cellular damage and death in less than 20 min. The LD50 of long-chain bases for GE keratinocytes,GF,and DC were considerably higher than their minimal inhibitory concentrations for oral pathogens,a finding important to pursuing their future potential in treating periodontal and oral infections. View Publication

The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in many different types of human cancers where it functions as a powerful oncoprotein. Dramatic changes in the subcellular localization and function of EphA2 have also been linked with cancer,and in particular,unstable cancer cell-cell contacts prevent EphA2 from stably binding its ligand on the surface of adjoining cells. This change is important in light of evidence that ligand binding causes EphA2 to transmit signals that negatively regulate tumor cell growth and invasiveness and also induce EphA2 degradation. On the basis of these properties,we have begun to target EphA2 on tumor cells using agonistic antibodies,which mimic the consequences of ligand binding. In our present study,we show that a subset of agonistic EphA2 antibodies selectively bind epitopes on malignant cells,which are not available on nontransformed epithelial cells. We also show that such epitopes arise from differential cell-cell adhesions and that the stable intercellular junctions of nontransformed epithelial cells occlude the binding site for ligand,as well as this subset of EphA2 antibodies. Finally,we demonstrate that antibody targeting of EphA2 decreases tumor cell growth as measured using xenograft tumor models and found that the mechanism of antibody action relates to EphA2 protein degradation in vivo. Taken together,these results suggest new opportunities for therapeutic targeting of the large number of different cancers that express EphA2 in a manner that could minimize potential toxicities to normal cells. View Publication