参考文献

Developing novel therapies that suppress self-renewal of leukemia stem cells may reduce the likelihood of relapses and extend long-term survival of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). AML1-ETO (AE) is an oncogene that plays an important role in inducing self-renewal of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs),leading to the development of leukemia stem cells. Previously,using a zebrafish model of AE and a whole-organism chemical suppressor screen,we have discovered that AE induces specific hematopoietic phenotypes in embryonic zebrafish through a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and β-catenin-dependent pathway. Here,we show that AE also induces expression of the Cox-2 gene and activates β-catenin in mouse bone marrow cells. Inhibition of COX suppresses β-catenin activation and serial replating of AE(+) mouse HSPCs. Genetic knockdown of β-catenin also abrogates the clonogenic growth of AE(+) mouse HSPCs and human leukemia cells. In addition,treatment with nimesulide,a COX-2 selective inhibitor,dramatically suppresses xenograft tumor formation and inhibits in vivo progression of human leukemia cells. In summary,our data indicate an important role of a COX/β-catenin-dependent signaling pathway in tumor initiation,growth,and self-renewal,and in providing the rationale for testing potential benefits from common COX inhibitors as a part of AML treatments. View Publication

The most frequent translocation t(8;21) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) generates the chimeric AML1/ETO protein,which blocks differentiation and induces self-renewal in hematopoietic progenitor cells. The underlying mechanisms mediating AML1/ETO-induced self-renewal are largely unknown. Using expression microarray analysis,we identified the Groucho-related amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) as a consistently up-regulated AML1/ETO target. Elevated levels of AES mRNA and protein were confirmed in AML1/ETO-expressing leukemia cells,as well as in other AML specimens. High expression of AES mRNA or protein was associated with improved survival of AML patients,even in the absence of t(8;21). On a functional level,knockdown of AES by RNAi in AML1/ETO-expressing cell lines inhibited colony formation. Similarly,self-renewal induced by AML1/ETO in primary murine progenitors was inhibited when AES was decreased or absent. High levels of AES expression enhanced formation of immature colonies,serial replating capacity of primary cells,and colony formation in colony-forming unit-spleen assays. These findings establish AES as a novel AML1/ETO-induced target gene that plays an important role in the self-renewal phenotype of t(8;21)-positive AML. View Publication

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that patients with Bcr-Abl-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) either have primary disease that is refractory to imatinib mesylate or develop disease recurrence after an initial response. METHODS: The authors investigated the effects of a newly designed Bcr-Abl inhibitor,AMN107,by comparing its in vitro inhibitory potency on p190 Bcr-Abl ALL cell lines with that of imatinib. RESULTS: In two Philadelphia (Ph)-positive ALL cell lines,AMN107 was found to be 30-40 times more potent than imatinib in inhibiting cellular proliferation. AMN107 was also more effective than imatinib in inhibiting phosphorylation of p190 Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase in cell lines and primary ALL cells. The inhibition of cellular proliferation was associated with the induction of apoptosis in only one of the cell lines. No activity was observed in cell lines lacking the BCR-ABL genotype. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest the superior potency of AMN107 compared with imatinib in Ph-positive ALL and support clinical trials of AMN107 in patients with Ph-positive ALL. View Publication

We previously developed an antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) targeting the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1,also known as CD71),which demonstrates direct in vitro cytotoxicity against malignant hematopoietic cells. This cytotoxicity is attributed to its ability to decrease the level of TfR1 leading to lethal iron deprivation. We now report that ch128.1Av shows the ability to bind the Fcγ receptors and the complement component C1q,suggesting that it is capable of eliciting Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition,in 2 disseminated multiple myeloma xenograft mouse models,we show that a single dose of ch128.1Av results in significant antitumor activity,including long-term survival. It is interesting to note that the parental antibody without avidin (ch128.1) also shows remarkable in vivo anticancer activity despite its limited in vitro cytotoxicity. Finally,we demonstrate that ch128.1Av is not toxic to pluripotent hematopoietic progenitor cells using the long-term cell-initiating culture assay suggesting that these important progenitors would be preserved in different therapeutic approaches,including the in vitro purging of cancer cells for autologous transplantation and in vivo passive immunotherapy. Our results suggest that ch128.1Av and ch128.1 may be effective in the therapy of human multiple myeloma and potentially other hematopoietic malignancies. View Publication

Any epithelial portion of a normal mouse mammary gland can reproduce an entire functional gland when transplanted into an epithelium-free mammary fat pad. Mouse mammary hyperplasias and tumors are clonal dominant populations and probably represent the progeny of a single transformed cell. Our study provides evidence that single multipotent stem cells positioned throughout the mature fully developed mammary gland have the capacity to produce sufficient differentiated progeny to recapitulate an entire functional gland. Our evidence also demonstrates that these stem cells are self-renewing and are found with undiminished capacities in the newly regenerated gland. We have taken advantage of an experimental model where mouse mammary tumor virus infects mammary epithelial cells and inserts a deoxyribonucleic acid copy(ies) of its genome during replication. The insertions occur randomly within the somatic genome. CzechII mice have no endogenous nucleic acid sequence homology with mouse mammary tumor virus; therefore all viral insertions may be detected by Southern analysis provided a sufficient number of cells contain a specific insertional event. Transplantation of random fragments of infected CzechII mammary gland produced clonal-dominant epithelial populations in epithelium-free mammary fat pads. Serial transplantation of pieces of the clonally derived outgrowths produced second generation glands possessing the same viral insertion sites providing evidence for self-renewal of the original stem cell. Limiting dilution studies with cell cultures derived from third generation clonal outgrowths demonstrated that three multipotent but distinct mammary epithelial progenitors were present in clonally derived mammary epithelial populations. Estimation of the potential number of multipotent epithelial cells that may be evolved from an individual mammary-specific stem cell by self-renewal is in the order of 10(12)-10(13). Therefore,one stem cell might easily account for the renewal of mammary epithelium over several transplant generations. View Publication

Recent evidence suggests that blockade of aberrant Hedgehog signaling can be exploited as a therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer. Our previous studies using the prototype Hedgehog small-molecule antagonist cyclopamine had shown the striking inhibition of systemic metastases on Hedgehog blockade in spontaneously metastatic orthotopic xenograft models. Cyclopamine is a natural compound with suboptimal pharmacokinetics,which impedes clinical translation. In the present study,a novel,orally bioavailable small-molecule Hedgehog inhibitor,IPI-269609,was tested using in vitro and in vivo model systems. In vitro treatment of pancreatic cancer cell lines with IPI-269609 resembled effects observed using cyclopamine (i.e.,Gli-responsive reporter knockdown,down-regulation of the Hedgehog target genes Gli1 and Ptch,as well as abrogation of cell migration and colony formation in soft agar). Single-agent IPI-269609 profoundly inhibited systemic metastases in orthotopic xenografts established from human pancreatic cancer cell lines,although Hedgehog blockade had minimal effect on primary tumor volume. The only discernible phenotype observed within the treated primary tumor was a significant reduction in the population of aldehyde dehydrogenase-bright cells,which we have previously identified as a clonogenic tumor-initiating population in pancreatic cancer. Selective ex vivo depletion of aldehyde dehydrogenase-bright cells with IPI-269609 was accompanied by significant reduction in tumor engraftment rates in athymic mice. Pharmacologic blockade of aberrant Hedgehog signaling might prove to be an effective therapeutic strategy for inhibition of systemic metastases in pancreatic cancer,likely through targeting subsets of cancer cells with tumor-initiating (cancer stem cell") properties." View Publication

Cancer-targeting alkylphosphocholine (APC) analogs are being clinically developed for diagnostic imaging,intraoperative visualization,and therapeutic applications. These APC analogs derived from chemically-synthesized phospholipid ethers were identified and optimized for cancer-targeting specificity using extensive structure-activity studies. While they strongly label human brain cancers associated with disrupted blood-brain barriers (BBB),APC permeability across intact BBB remains unknown. Three of our APC analogs,CLR1404 (PET radiotracer),CLR1501 (green fluorescence),and CLR1502 (near infrared fluorescence),were tested for permeability across a BBB model composed of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (iPSC-derived BMECs). This in vitro BBB system has reproducibly consistent high barrier integrity marked by high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEERtextgreater1500 Ω-cm(2)) and functional expression of drug efflux transporters. Our radioiodinated and fluorescent APC analogs demonstrated fairly low permeability across the iPSC-BMEC (35±5.7 (CLR1404),54±3.2 (CLR1501),and 26±4.9 (CLR1502) x10(-5) cm/min) compared with BBB-impermeable sucrose (13±2.5) and BBB-permeable diazepam (170±29). Only our fluorescent APC analogs (CLR1501,CLR1502) underwent BCRP and MRP polarized drug efflux transport in the brain-to-blood direction of the BBB model and this efflux can be specifically blocked with pharmacological inhibition. None of our tested APC analogs appeared to undergo substantial P-gp transport. Limited permeability of our APC analogs across an intact BBB into normal brain likely contributes to the high tumor to background ratios observed in initial human trials. Moreover,addition of fluorescent moieties to APCs resulted in greater BMEC efflux via MRP and BCRP,and may affect fluorescence-guided applications. Overall,the characterization of APC analog permeability across human BBB is significant for advancing future brain tumor-targeted applications of these agents. View Publication

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) tend to acquire genomic aberrations in culture,the most common of which is trisomy of chromosome 12. Here we dissect the cellular and molecular implications of this trisomy in hPSCs. Global gene expression analyses reveal that trisomy 12 profoundly affects the gene expression profile of hPSCs,inducing a transcriptional programme similar to that of germ cell tumours. Comparison of proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis between diploid and aneuploid hPSCs shows that trisomy 12 significantly increases the proliferation rate of hPSCs,mainly as a consequence of increased replication. Furthermore,trisomy 12 increases the tumorigenicity of hPSCs in vivo,inducing transcriptionally distinct teratomas from which pluripotent cells can be recovered. Last,a chemical screen of 89 anticancer drugs discovers that trisomy 12 raises the sensitivity of hPSCs to several replication inhibitors. Together,these findings demonstrate the extensive effect of trisomy 12 and highlight its perils for successful hPSC applications. View Publication

Our previous studies showed that anti-β2M monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at high doses have direct apoptotic effects on myeloma cells,suggesting that anti-β2M mAbs might be developed as a novel therapeutic agent. In this study,we investigated the ability of the mAbs at much lower concentrations to indirectly kill myeloma cells by utilizing immune effector cells or molecules. Our results showed that anti-β2M mAbs effectively lysed MM cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC),which were correlated with and dependent on the surface expression of β2M on MM cells. The presence of MM bone marrow stromal cells or addition of IL-6 did not attenuate anti-β2M mAb-induced ADCC and CDC activities against MM cells. Furthermore,anti-β2M mAbs only showed limited cytotoxicity toward normal B cells and nontumorous mesenchymal stem cells,indicating that the ADCC and CDC activities of the anti-β2M mAbs were more prone to the tumor cells. Lenalidomide potentiated in vitro ADCC activity against MM cells and in vivo tumor inhibition capacity induced by the anti-β2M mAbs by enhancing the activity of NK cells. These results support clinical development of anti-β2M mAbs,both as a monotherapy and in combination with lenalidomide,to improve MM patient outcome. View Publication

We have previously synthesized a series of 1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives to identify potential anti-cancer/anti-inflammatory compounds. Three derivatives,7-chloro-N-(3-(cyclopentylamino)-3-oxo-1-phenylpropyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide (C-22),7-chloro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-oxo-1-phenyl-3-(phenylamino)propyl)-4-oxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide (C-31) and 7-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(2-hydroxy-3-oxo-1-phenyl-3-(phenylamino)propyl)-4-oxo-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide (C-34) demonstrated high cytotoxicity against a number of cancer cell lines and inhibited secretion of IL-1-β and IL-6. In the present study,C-22,C-31 and C-34 were assessed for modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines,TNF-α and IL-8,chemokine RANTES and NO produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse Dendritic cells (DCs). Among the 3 compounds,C-34 showed the most potent inhibition of inflammatory markers in DC model at 0.2 and 2 μM. C-34 also significantly downregulated the secretion of TNF-α,IL-1-β and IL-6 by murine splenocytes and THP-1 cells against LPS induced levels. In vitro effects of C-34 on bone marrow toxicity were assessed in CFU-GM assay. Human CFU-GM population was comparatively more sensitive to C-34 (0.1-10 μM) than murine CFU-GM. IC50 values for murine and human CFU-GM were not attained. C-34 was further examined for in vivo suppression of LPS induced cytokines in a mice model. At doses ranging from 1.25 to 5 mg/kg,C-34 led to significant inhibition of TNF-α,IL-1-β,IL-6 and MIP-1-α. At the highest dose of 5 mg/kg,C-34 also protected LPS-treated mice against endotoxin-induced lethality. In conclusion,C-34 demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo in addition to cytotoxic properties. This finding suggests its potential for further development as a synthetic naphthyridine derivative with dual anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory (cytokine inhibition) properties. View Publication