参考文献

Ageing is the most prominent risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However,the cellular mechanisms linking neuronal proteostasis decline to the characteristic aberrant protein deposits in the brains of patients with AD remain elusive. Here we develop transdifferentiated neurons (tNeurons) from human dermal fibroblasts as a neuronal model that retains ageing hallmarks and exhibits AD-linked vulnerabilities. Remarkably,AD tNeurons accumulate proteotoxic deposits,including phospho-tau and amyloid β,resembling those in APP mouse brains and the brains of patients with AD. Quantitative tNeuron proteomics identify ageing- and AD-linked deficits in proteostasis and organelle homeostasis,most notably in endosome–lysosomal components. Lysosomal deficits in aged tNeurons,including constitutive lysosomal damage and ESCRT-mediated lysosomal repair defects,are exacerbated in AD tNeurons and linked to inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell death. Providing support for the centrality of lysosomal deficits in AD,compounds ameliorating lysosomal function reduce amyloid β deposits and cytokine secretion. Thus,the tNeuron model system reveals impaired lysosomal homeostasis as an early event of ageing and AD. Subject terms: Organelles,Protein folding View Publication

Motor axon regeneration following peripheral nerve injury is critical for motor recovery but therapeutic interventions enhancing this are not available. We conduct a phenotypic screen on human motor neurons and identified blebbistatin,a non-muscle myosin II inhibitor,as the most effective neurite outgrowth promotor. Despite its efficacy in vitro,its poor bioavailability limits in vivo application. We,therefore,utilize a blebbistatin analog,NMIIi2,to explore its therapeutic potential for promoting axon regeneration. Local NMIIi2 application directly to injured axons enhances regeneration in human motor neurons. Furthermore,following a sciatic nerve crush injury in male mice,local NMIIi2 administration to the axonal injury site facilitates motor neuron regeneration,muscle reinnervation,and functional recovery. NMIIi2 also promotes axon regeneration in sensory,cortical,and retinal ganglion neurons. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of topical NMII inhibition for treating axon damage. Subject terms: Regeneration and repair in the nervous system,Movement disorders View Publication

Clinical translation of tissue-engineered advanced therapeutic medicinal products is hindered by a lack of patient-dependent and independent in-process biological quality controls that are reflective of in vivo outcomes. Recent insights into the mechanism of native bone repair highlight a robust path dependence. Organoid-based bottom-up developmental engineering mimics this path-dependence to design personalized living implants scaffold-free,with in-build outcome predictability. Yet,adequate (noninvasive) quality metrics of engineered tissues are lacking. Moreover,insufficient insight into the role of donor variability and biological sex as influencing factors for the mechanism toward bone repair hinders the implementation of such protocols for personalized bone implants. Here,male and female bone-forming organoids were compared to non-bone-forming organoids regarding their extracellular matrix composition,transcriptome,and secreted proteome signatures to directly link in vivo outcomes to quality metrics. As a result,donor variability in bone-forming callus organoids pointed towards two distinct pathways to bone,through either a hypertrophic cartilage or a fibrocartilaginous template. The followed pathway was determined early,as a biological sex-dependent activation of distinct progenitor populations. Independent of donor or biological sex,a cartilage-to-bone transition was driven by a common panel of secreted factors that played a role in extracellular matrix remodeling,mineralization,and attraction of vasculature. Hence,the secreted proteome is a source of noninvasive biomarkers that report on biological potency and could be the missing link toward data-driven decision-making in organoid-based bone tissue engineering. Subject terms: Bone,Bone quality and biomechanics View Publication

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is an epigenetic overgrowth syndrome caused by methylation changes in the human 11p15 chromosomal locus. Patients with BWS may exhibit hepatomegaly,as well as an increased risk of hepatoblastoma. To understand the impact of these 11p15 changes in the liver,we performed a multiomic study [single nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) + single nucleus assay for transposable-accessible chromatin-sequencing (snATAC-seq)] of both BWS-liver and nonBWS-liver tumor-adjacent tissue. Our approach uncovers hepatocyte-specific enrichment of processes related to peroxisome proliferator—activated receptor alpha (PPARA). To confirm our findings,we differentiated a BWS induced pluripotent stem cell model into hepatocytes. Our data demonstrate the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in BWS-liver,which coincides with observed upregulation of PPARA during hepatocyte differentiation. BWS hepatocytes also exhibit decreased neutral lipids and increased fatty acid β-oxidation. We also observe increased reactive oxygen species byproducts in BWS hepatocytes,coinciding with increased oxidative DNA damage. This study proposes a putative mechanism for overgrowth and cancer predisposition in BWS liver due to perturbed metabolism. Subject terms: Paediatric research,Imprinting View Publication

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a major health challenge with high mortality rates due to chemoresistance and immune escape. However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the role of TAB2 in CC using cisplatin‐resistant and parental cell lines. Cell proliferation,migration,sphere formation and T cell‐mediated killing assays were performed. Western blot and qRT‐PCR analysed protein and mRNA expression. NF‐κB pathway involvement was examined using the BAY 11–7082 inhibitor. TAB2 expression was significantly elevated in cisplatin‐resistant CC cells. TAB2 overexpression promoted chemoresistance and immune escape through NF‐κB pathway activation. Conversely,TAB2 knockdown or NF‐κB inhibition sensitised resistant cells to cisplatin and enhanced T cell‐mediated killing. The resistant phenotype could be rescued by restoring PD‐L1 expression. Our findings reveal TAB2 as a critical regulator of both chemoresistance and immune escape in CC through NF‐κB pathway activation. This suggests TAB2 as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming treatment resistance in CC. View Publication

Tracheal replacement is a promising approach for treating tracheal defects that are caused by conditions such as stenosis,trauma,or tumors. However,slow postoperative epithelial regeneration often leads to complications,such as infection and granulation tissue formation. Ferroptosis,which is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death,limits the proliferation of tracheal basal cells (TBCs),which are essential for the epithelialization of tissue-engineered tracheas (TETs). This study explored the potential of ferrostatin-1 (FER-1),which is a ferroptosis inhibitor,to increase TBC proliferation and accelerate the epithelialization of 3D-printed TETs. TBCs were isolated from rabbit bronchial mucosal tissues and cultured in vitro. Ferroptosis was induced in TBCs at passage 2,as shown by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels,Fe 2 ⁺ accumulation,decreased ATP contents,and mitochondrial damage. TBCs were treated with FER-1 (1 μM) for 48 h to inhibit ferroptosis. The effects on ROS levels,Fe 2 ⁺ levels,ATP contents,and mitochondrial morphology were measured. For in vivo experiments,FER-1-treated TBCs were seeded onto 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds,which were implanted into rabbits with tracheal injury. Epithelial regeneration and granulation tissue formation were evaluated 6 months after surgery. FER-1 treatment significantly reduced ferroptosis marker levels in vitro; that is,FER-1 treatment decreased ROS and Fe 2 ⁺ accumulation,ameliorated mitochondrial structures,and increased ATP levels. TBC proliferation and viability were increased after ferroptosis inhibition. In vivo,the group that received 3D-printed scaffolds seeded with TBCs exhibited accelerated TET epithelialization and reduced granulation tissue formation compared with the control groups. These results suggest that inhibiting ferroptosis with FER-1 improves TBC function,leading to more efficient tracheal repair. Ferrostatin-1 effectively inhibits ferroptosis in tracheal basal cells,promoting their viability and proliferation. This results in faster epithelialization of tissue-engineered tracheas,offering a promising strategy for improving tracheal reconstruction outcomes and reducing complications such as infection and granulation tissue formation. Future studies are needed to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in TBCs and its potential clinical applications. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-025-04263-z. View Publication

Red blood cell development from erythroid progenitors requires profound reshaping of metabolism and gene expression. How these transcriptional and metabolic alterations are coupled is unclear. Nprl3 (an inhibitor of mTORC1) has remained in synteny with the α-globin genes for >500 million years,and harbours most of the a-globin enhancers. However,whether Nprl3 serves an erythroid role is unknown. We found that while haematopoietic progenitors require basal Nprl3 expression,erythroid Nprl3 expression is further boosted by the α-globin enhancers. This lineage-specific upregulation is required for sufficient erythropoiesis. Loss of Nprl3 affects erythroblast metabolism via elevating mTORC1 signalling,suppressing autophagy and disrupting glycolysis. Broadly consistent with these murine findings,human NPRL3-knockout erythroid progenitors produce fewer enucleated cells and demonstrate dysregulated mTORC1 signalling in response to nutrient availability and erythropoietin. Therefore,we propose that the anciently conserved linkage of NprI3,α-globin and their associated enhancers has coupled metabolic and developmental control of erythropoiesis. Subject terms: Differentiation,Genomics,Erythropoiesis View Publication

Brain organoids have been proposed as suitable human brain model candidates for a variety of applications. However,the lack of appropriate maturation limits the transferability of such functional tools. Here,we present a method to facilitate neuronal maturation by integrating astrocyte-secreted factors into hPSC-derived 2D and 3D neural culture systems. We demonstrate that protein- and nutrient-enriched astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) accelerates neuronal differentiation with enlarged neuronal layer and the overproduction of deep-layer cortical neurons. We captured the elevated changes in the functional activity of neuronal networks within ACM-treated organoids using comprehensive electrophysiological recordings. Furthermore,astrocyte-secreted cues can induce lipid droplet accumulation in neural cultures,offering protective effects in neural differentiation to withstand cellular stress. Together,these data indicate the potential of astrocyte secretions to promote neural maturation. Subject terms: Neurological models,Neuronal development View Publication

The airway epithelium represents a central barrier against pathogens and toxins while playing a crucial role in modulating the immune response within the upper respiratory tract. Understanding these mechanisms is particularly relevant for red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ),which serve as reservoirs for various zoonotic pathogens like rabies or the fox tapeworm ( Echinococcus multilocularis ). The study aimed to develop,establish,and validate an air-liquid interface (ALI) organoid model of the fox respiratory tract using primary airway epithelial cells isolated from the tracheas and main bronchi of hunted red foxes. The resulting ALI cultures exhibited a structurally differentiated,pseudostratified epithelium,characterised by ciliated cells,mucus secretion,and tight junctions,as confirmed through histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Functional assessments using a paracellular permeability assay and measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance,demonstrated a tight epithelial barrier. The potential of model’s utility for studying innate immune responses to respiratory infections was validated by exposing the cultures to lipopolysaccharide,phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and ionomycin,and nematode somatic antigens. Quantitative PCR revealed notable changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-33. This in vitro model represents a significant advancement in respiratory research for non-classical species that may act as important wildlife reservoirs for a range of zoonotic pathogens. View Publication

Overall survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains limited. Inhibitors of the master mitotic kinase PLK1 have emerged as promising therapeutics,demonstrating efficacy in an undefined subset of patients with AML. However,the clinical success of PLK1 inhibitors remains hindered by a lack of predictive biomarkers. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway,a tumor-suppressive network comprised of at least 22 genes,is frequently mutated in sporadic AML. In this study,we demonstrate that FA pathway disruption sensitizes AML cells to PLK1 inhibition. Mechanistically,we identify novel interactions between PLK1 and both FANCA and FANCD2 at mitotic centromeres. We demonstrate that PLK1 inhibition impairs recruitment of FANCD2 to mitotic centromeres,induces damage to mitotic chromosomes,and triggers mitotic collapse in FANCA-deficient cells. Our findings indicate that PLK1 inhibition targets mitotic vulnerabilities specific to FA pathway–deficient cells and implicate FA pathway mutations as potential biomarkers for the identification of patients likely to benefit from PLK1 inhibitors. This work demonstrates that FA pathway mutations,which are frequently observed in sporadic AML,induce hypersensitivity to PLK1 inhibition,providing rationale for a novel synthetic lethal therapeutic strategy for this patient population. View Publication