参考文献

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a global health crisis,with challenges arising from the ongoing evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus,the emergence of new strains,and the long-term effects of COVID-19. Aiming to overcome the development of viral resistance,our study here focused on developing broad-spectrum pan-coronavirus antiviral therapies by targeting host protein quality control mechanisms essential for viral replication. Screening an in-house compound library led to the discovery of three candidate compounds targeting cellular proteostasis. The three compounds are (1) the nucleotide analog cordycepin,(2) a benzothiozole analog,and (3) an acyldepsipeptide analog initially developed as part of a campaign to target the mitochondrial ClpP protease. These compounds demonstrated dose-dependent efficacy against multiple coronaviruses,including SARS-CoV-2,effectively inhibiting viral replication in vitro as well as in lung organoids. Notably,the compounds also showed efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron strains. As part of this work,we developed a BSL2-level cell-integrated SARS-CoV-2 replicon,which could serve as a valuable tool for high-throughput screening and studying intracellular viral replication. Our study should aid in the advancement of antiviral drug development efforts. Subject terms: High-throughput screening,Small molecules View Publication

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Induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has been shown to be a viable therapeutic approach to treating sickle cell disease and potentially other β-hemoglobinopathies. To identify targets and target-modulating small molecules that enhance HbF expression,we engineered a human umbilical-derived erythroid progenitor reporter cell line (HUDEP2_HBG1_HiBiT) by genetically tagging a HiBiT peptide to the carboxyl (C)-terminus of the endogenous HBG1 gene locus,which codes for γ-globin protein,a component of HbF. Employing this reporter cell line,we performed a chemogenomic screen of approximately 5000 compounds annotated with known targets or mechanisms that have achieved clinical stage or approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Among them,10 compounds were confirmed for their ability to induce HbF in the HUDEP2 cell line. These include several known HbF inducers,such as pomalidomide,lenalidomide,decitabine,idoxuridine,and azacytidine,which validate the translational nature of this screening platform. We identified avadomide,autophinib,triciribine,and R574 as novel HbF inducers from these screens. We orthogonally confirmed HbF induction activities of the top hits in both parental HUDEP2 cells as well as in human primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Further,we demonstrated that pomalidomide and avadomide,but not idoxuridine,induced HbF expression through downregulation of several transcriptional repressors such as BCL11A,ZBTB7A,and IKZF1. These studies demonstrate a robust phenotypic screening workflow that can be applied to large-scale small molecule profiling campaigns for the discovery of targets and pathways,as well as novel therapeutics for sickle cell disease and other β-hemoglobinopathies. View Publication

The lack of a permissive cell culture system has limited high-resolution structures of parvovirus B19 (B19V) to virus-like particles (VLPs). In this study,we present the atomic resolution structure (2.2 Å) of authentic B19V purified from a patient blood sample. There are significant differences compared to non-infectious VLPs. Most strikingly,two host protease inhibitors (PIs),inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) and serpinA3,were identified in complex with the capsids in all patient samples tested. The ITIH4 binds specifically to the icosahedral fivefold axis and serpinA3 occupies the twofold axis. The protein-coated virions remain infectious,and the capsid-associated PIs retain activity; however,upon virion interaction with target cells,the PIs dissociate from the capsid prior to viral entry. Our finding of an infectious virion shielded by bound host serum proteins suggests an evolutionarily favored phenomenon to evade immune surveillance and escape host protease activity. Subject terms: Cryoelectron microscopy,Virology View Publication

The application of organoids has been limited by the lack of methods for producing uniformly mature organoids at scale. This study introduces an organoid culture platform,called UniMat,which addresses the challenges of uniformity and maturity simultaneously. UniMat is designed to not only ensure consistent organoid growth but also facilitate an unrestricted supply of soluble factors by a 3D geometrically-engineered,permeable membrane-based platform. Using UniMat,we demonstrate the scalable generation of kidney organoids with enhanced uniformity in both structure and function compared to conventional methods. Notably,kidney organoids within UniMat show improved maturation,showing increased expression of nephron transcripts,more in vivo-like cell-type balance,enhanced vascularization,and better long-term stability. Moreover,UniMat’s design offers a more standardized organoid model for disease modeling and drug testing,as demonstrated by polycystic-kidney disease and acute kidney injury modeling. In essence,UniMat presents a valuable platform for organoid technology,with potential applications in organ development,disease modeling,and drug screening. Subject terms: Nanofabrication and nanopatterning,Biomaterials,Stem-cell biotechnology View Publication

Cancer cell plasticity contributes significantly to the failure of chemo- and targeted therapies in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Molecular mechanisms of therapy-induced tumor cell plasticity and associated resistance are largely unknown. Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen,we investigated escape mechanisms of NOTCH-driven TNBC treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) and identified SOX2 as a target of resistance to Notch inhibition. We describe a novel reciprocal inhibitory feedback mechanism between Notch signaling and SOX2. Specifically,Notch signaling inhibits SOX2 expression through its target genes of the HEY family,and SOX2 inhibits Notch signaling through direct interaction with RBPJ. This mechanism shapes divergent cell states with NOTCH positive TNBC being more epithelial-like,while SOX2 expression correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition,induces cancer stem cell features and GSI resistance. To counteract monotherapy-induced tumor relapse,we assessed GSI-paclitaxel and dasatinib-paclitaxel combination treatments in NOTCH inhibitor-sensitive and -resistant TNBC xenotransplants,respectively. These distinct preventive combinations and second-line treatment option dependent on NOTCH1 and SOX2 expression in TNBC are able to induce tumor growth control and reduce metastatic burden. View Publication

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative treatment for many diverse blood and immune diseases. However,HSCT regimens currently commonly utilize genotoxic chemotherapy and/or total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning which causes significant morbidity and mortality through inducing broad tissue damage triggering infections,graft vs. host disease,infertility,and secondary cancers. We previously demonstrated that targeted monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based HSC depletion with anti(α)-CD117 mAbs could be an effective alternative conditioning approach for HSCT without toxicity in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse models,which has prompted parallel clinical αCD117 mAbs to be developed and tested as conditioning agents in clinical trials starting with treatment of patients with SCID. Subsequent efforts have built upon this work to develop various combination approaches,though none are optimal and how any of these mAbs fully function is unknown. To improve efficacy of mAb-based conditioning as a stand-alone conditioning approach for all HSCT settings,it is critical to understand the mechanistic action of αCD117 mAbs on HSCs. Here,we compare the antagonistic properties of αCD117 mAb clones including ACK2,2B8,and 3C11 as well as ACK2 fragments in vitro and in vivo in both SCID and wildtype (WT) mouse models. Further,to augment efficacy,combination regimens were also explored. We confirm that only ACK2 inhibits SCF binding fully and prevents HSC proliferation in vitro. Further,we verify that this corresponds to HSC depletion in vivo and donor engraftment post HSCT in SCID mice. We also show that SCF-blocking αCD117 mAb fragment derivatives retain similar HSC depletion capacity with enhanced engraftment post HSCT in SCID settings,but only full αCD117 mAb ACK2 in combination with αCD47 mAb enables enhanced donor HSC engraftment in WT settings,highlighting that the Fc region is not required for single-agent efficacy in SCID settings but is required in immunocompetent settings. This combination was the only non-genotoxic conditioning approach that enabled robust donor engraftment post HSCT in WT mice. These findings shed new insights into the mechanism of αCD117 mAb-mediated HSC depletion. Further,they highlight multiple approaches for efficacy in SCID settings and optimal combinations for WT settings. This work is likely to aid in the development of clinical non-genotoxic HSCT conditioning approaches that could benefit millions of people world-wide. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-024-03981-0. View Publication

To enable transmission of information in the brain,synaptic vesicles fuse to presynaptic membranes,liberating their content and exposing transiently a myriad of vesicular transmembrane proteins. However,versatile methods for quantifying the synaptic translocation of endogenous proteins during neuronal activity remain unavailable,as the fast dynamics of synaptic vesicle cycling difficult specific isolation of trafficking proteins during such a transient surface exposure. Here,we developed a novel approach using synaptic cleft proximity labeling to capture and quantify activity-driven trafficking of endogenous synaptic proteins at the synapse. We show that accelerating cleft biotinylation times to match the fast dynamics of vesicle exocytosis allows capturing endogenous proteins transiently exposed at the synaptic surface during neural activity,enabling for the first time the study of the translocation of nearly every endogenous synaptic protein. As proof-of-concept,we further applied this technology to obtain direct evidence of the surface translocation of noncanonical trafficking proteins,such as ATG9A and NPTX1,which had been proposed to traffic during activity but for which direct proof had not yet been shown. The technological advancement presented here will facilitate future studies dissecting the molecular identity of proteins exocytosed at the synapse during activity,helping to define the molecular machinery that sustains neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. View Publication

Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs); however,CML leukemic stem cells (LSCs) exhibit BCR::ABL kinase-independent growth and are insensitive to TKIs,leading to disease relapse. To prevent this,new therapies targeting CML-LSCs are needed. Rates of mitochondria-mediated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in CD34 + CML cells within the primitive CML cell population are higher than those in normal undifferentiated hematopoietic cells; therefore,the inhibition of OXPHOS in CML-LSCs may be a potential cure for CML. NK-128 (C 33 H 61 NO 5 S) is a structurally simplified analog of JCI-20679,the design of which was based on annonaceous acetogenins. NK-128 exhibits antitumor activity against glioblastoma and human colon cancer cells by inhibiting OXPHOS and activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Here,we demonstrate that NK-128 effectively suppresses the growth of CML cell lines and that the combination of imatinib and NK-128 is more potent than either alone in a CML xenograft mouse model. We also found that NK-128 inhibits colony formation by CD34 + CML cells isolated from the bone marrow of untreated CML patients. Taken together,these findings suggest that targeting OXPHOS is a beneficial approach to eliminating CML-LSCs,and may improve the treatment of CML. View Publication

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a deadly hematopoietic malignancy. Although many patients achieve complete remission with standard induction therapy,a combination of cytarabine and anthracycline,~40% of patients have induction failure. These refractory patients pose a treatment challenge,as they do not respond to salvage therapy or allogeneic stem cell transplant. Herein,we show that AML patients who experience induction failure have elevated expression of the NF-κB target gene tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein-3 (TNFAIP3/A20) and impaired necroptotic cell death. A20 High AML are resistant to anthracyclines,while A20 Low AML are sensitive. Loss of A20 in AML restores sensitivity to anthracycline treatment by inducing necroptosis. Moreover,A20 prevents necroptosis in AML by targeting the necroptosis effector RIPK1,and anthracycline-induced necroptosis is abrogated in A20 High AML. These findings suggest that NF-κB-driven A20 overexpression plays a role in failed chemotherapy induction and highlights the potential of targeting an alternative cell death pathway in AML. Subject terms: Acute myeloid leukaemia,Cancer therapeutic resistance View Publication